Department of Physics

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The X-ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS) core-level spectra of pristine and doped bulk BiFeO3, namely Bi0.9BaxCayFeO3 with x + y = 0 and 0.1 were recorded on the Ar+-ion sputtered sample surface at room temperature. Afterward, the obtained XPS spectra of Bi 4f, Fe 2p, O 1 s, Ba 3d and Ca 2p levels were inspected using the symmetric Gaussian-Lorentzian product function, to study the influence of the spin-orbit coupling and/or electrostatic interactions on these spectra. Our findings show all elements have a single valence state (except Bi) with the allowed spin-orbit splitting energy (Delta) for their valence of Bi3+, Fe3+, O2-, Ba2+, and Ca2+. Here, the fraction of Bi atoms was converted into Bi-metal Bi-o, due to the Ar+-ion sputtering process. Interestingly, the Fe3+ 2p(3/2) spectra of these samples were fitted well with four Gupta-Sen multiplets, due to the combined electrostatic and spin-orbit interactions. Particularly, the chemical pressure induced by Ca doping considerably influences the Fe3+ 2p(3/2) spectra of BiFeO3, due to the change in the FeO6 octahedra tilting and the change in the position of Fe cations upon Ca doping. So, the edge of the valence band of the Ca-doped BiFeO3 materials shifted toward the Fermi level by about similar to 0.7 +/- 0.1 eV when compared to BiFeO3.

World University root node

SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS

Influence of Ca doping on X-ray photoelectron core-level spectra of magnetoelectric bulk BiFeO3

The lepton universality violating flavor ratios RK/RK⁎ indicate new physics either in b→sμ+μ− or in b→se+e− or in both. If the new physics is only b→se+e− transition, the corresponding new physics operators, in principle, can have any Lorentz structure. In this work, we perform a model independent analysis of new physics only in b→se+e− decay by considering effective operators either one at a time or two similar operators at a time. We include all the measurements in b→se+e− sector along with RK/RK⁎ in our analysis. We show that various new physics scenarios with vector/axial-vector operators can account for RK/RK⁎ data but those with scalar/pseudoscalar operators and with tensor operators can not. We also show that the azimuthal angular observable P1 in B→K⁎e+e− decay is most suited to discriminate between the different allowed solutions. © 2021 The Author(s)

Fulltext

Nuclear Physics B

New physics in b → se+e−: A model independent analysis

We consider a scenario where a party, say, Alice prepares a pure two-qubit (either maximally entangled or nonmaximally entangled) state and sends one half of this state to another distant party, say, Bob through a qubit (either unital or nonunital) channel. Finally, the shared state is used as a teleportation channel. In this scenario, we focus on characterizing the set of qubit channels with respect to the final state's efficacy as a resource of quantum teleportation (QT) in terms of maximal average fidelity and fidelity deviation (fluctuation in fidelity values over the input states). Importantly, we point out the existence of a subset of qubit channels for which the final state becomes useful for universal QT (having maximal average fidelity strictly greater than the classical bound and having zero fidelity deviation) when the initially prepared state is either useful for universal QT (i.e., for a maximally entangled state) or not useful for universal QT (i.e., for a subset of nonmaximally entangled pure states). Interestingly, in the latter case, we show that nonunital channels (dissipative interactions) are more effective than unital channels (nondissipative interactions) in producing useful states for universal QT from nonmaximally entangled pure states. © 2021 American Physical Society.

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Physical Review A

Characterizing qubit channels in the context of quantum teleportation

Corresponding to a hypergraph G with d vertices, a quantum hypergraph state is defined by vertical bar G > = 1/root 2(d) Sigma(2d)(n=0) (1)(-1)(integral(n)) vertical bar n >, where f is a d-variable Boolean function depending on the hypergraph G, and vertical bar n > denotes a binary vector of length 2(d) with 1 at the nth position for n = 0, 1,... (2(d) - 1). The nonclassical properties of these states are studied. We consider the annihilation and creation operator on the Hilbert space of dimension 2(d) acting on the number states \{vertical bar n > : n = 0, 1,... (2(d) - 1)\}. The Hermitian number and phase operators, in finite dimensions, are constructed. The number-phase uncertainty for these states leads to the idea of phase squeezing. We establish that these states are squeezed in the phase quadrature only and satisfy the Agarwal- Tara criterion for nonclassicality, which only depends on the number of vertices of the hypergraphs. We also point out that coherence is observed in the phase

JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS

Phase squeezing of quantum hypergraph states

We report the origin of capacity fading in Li2FeSiO4 cathode material, while addressing the challenges associated with the synthesis of phase-pure Li2FeSiO4 positive electrode materials in bulk and nanostructured geometries. The process has been optimized to remove iron oxide (Fe2O3) impurities and for effective carbon coating on a Li2FeSiO4 nanostructured core using a carbon source precursor during the synthesis process. X-ray diffraction measurements confirm the phase purity and nanocrystalline nature of synthesized materials. UV–visible spectroscopic measurements are carried out to understand the electronic/optical characteristics, and their correlation with materials’ electrochemical performance is investigated. The impact of iron charge state in an FeO4 tetrahedra configuration is correlated to the electrochemical performance together with the lithium-ion transporting states. The Jahn–Teller active FeO4 tetrahedra may show structural distortion in the sub-lattice of Li2FeSiO4 with different charge states and may be the main source of capacity fading in Li2FeSiO4 cathode material from the first cycle onwards. © 2021, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.

Journal of Electronic Materials

Capacity Fading in Li2FeSiO4 Cathode Material: Intrinsic or Extrinsic

We report gamma radiation-induced effects on the electrical properties of low-cost and easily scalable synthesis of TiO2 nanorods of diameter ~ 20–80 nm on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)-coated glass substrates using the hydrothermal method. X-ray diffraction studies show a rutile crystallographic phase which is highly textured along the (002) crystallographic plane. These nanorods are uniformly grown on FTO/glass substrate and nearly aligned normally to the surface plane. Raman studies confirm the observed rutile phase, showing all probable Raman vibrational modes. The bandgap of the synthesized TiO2 nanorods is around ~ 3.14 eV. 60Co gamma radiation source is used for irradiating gamma doses from 375 mGy to 3000 mGy. We observed that the leakage current increases linearly with increasing gamma radiation dose. These findings suggest that TiO2 nanorods on FTO/glass substrates can be used for efficient gamma radiation dosimetry. © 2021, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.

Gamma Radiation Dosimetry Characteristics of Hydrothermally Synthesized TiO2 Nanorods

Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) benefit from solution-phase processing and band-gap tuning for their application in solar cell development. Today's QD solar cells rely on solid-state ligand exchange (SLE) to replace bulky oleic acid (OA) ligands with small 1,2-ethanedithiol (EDT) ligands to develop a conducting hole transport layer (HTL). High volume contraction in EDT conjugated QD films, however, leads to crack and porosity in the HTL, which is a major cause of concern for the device reproducibility and large-area solar cell development. We show that partial removal of the OA ligands in the solution phase reduces the volume contraction in solid films, thereby allowing the growth of crack-free QD films in the SLE process. The cleaning of QDs by repeated precipitation and redispersion using a protic methanol (MeOH) solvent helps with partial removal of the OA ligands, but it is detrimental to the electronic properties of QDs. We develop a one-step solution-phase partial ligand-exchange process using ammonium salts, which enable partial replacement of the OA ligands and passivation of the QD surface. Introduction of the facile partial ligand-exchange process eliminates the need for tedious and wasteful multiple cleaning steps with MeOH, while improving the photophysical properties of QDs. The advancement in QD processing helps to build crack-free, smooth, and conjugated QD films for their deployment as HTLs in solar cell development. Partial ligand exchange with NH4SCN leads to a 1.5 times increase in p doping and mobility over multiple MeOH-cleaned PbS QD films. HTLs developed using NH4SCN QDs show an improved photovoltaic performance to attain a 10.5% power conversion efficiency. Improvement in the depletion width and hole collection efficiency leads to a superior photovoltaic performance, as confirmed from experimental studies and one-dimensional solar cell capacitance simulation. © 2021 American Chemical Society.

School of Liberal Arts (SoLA)

ACS Applied Nano Materials

Crack-Free Conjugated PbS Quantum Dot-Hole Transport Layers for Solar Cells

In this work, we study the effect of (anti)kaon condensation on the properties of compact stars that develop hypernuclear cores with and without an admixture of Δ-resonances. We work within the covariant density functional theory with the parameters adjusted to K-atomic and kaon-nucleon scattering data in the kaonic sector. The density-dependent parameters in the hyperonic sector are adjusted to the data on Λ and Ξ- hypernuclei data. The Δ-resonance couplings are tuned to the data obtained from their scattering off nuclei and heavy-ion collision experiments. We find that (anti)kaon condensate leads to a softening of the equation of state and lower maximum masses of compact stars than in the absence of the condensate. Both the K- and K̄0 condensations occur through a second-order phase transition, which implies no mixed-phase formation. For large values of (anti)kaon and Δ-resonance potentials in symmetric nuclear matter, we observe that condensation leads to an extinction of Ξ-,0 hyperons. We also investigate the influence of inclusion of additional hidden-strangeness σ∗ meson in the functional and find that it leads to a substantial softening of the equation of state and delay in the onset of (anti)kaons. © 2021 American Physical Society.

Physical Review D

Massive Δ -resonance admixed hypernuclear stars with antikaon condensations

The present paper aims at the material design for wind turbine blade that can sustain different environmental conditions. It is difficult to keep regular maintenance of blade; we need to design a material that can repair the damage by its own. The present work is an attempt to study the effect of moisture, temperature and saline medium on glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) having Cloisite 30B (nanoclay) as reinforcement in epoxy polymer matrix. The changes in the physical and mechanical properties of the composite material under accelerated condition have been studied. The concept of self-healing is a vital tool to encounter the damage by itself. We have used DCPD (dicyclopentadiene)-contained microcapsules as a healing agent. These microcapsules have shown a great decrease in the rate of degradation of blade material. Wind turbine blades are mainly made up of FRP composites, and these composites have tendency to absorb moisture. It has been observed that water absorption can affect the mechanical performance as well as reduce the durability of turbine blade. To encounter this effect, nanoclay as filler has been used in GFRP composites. It has been noticed that degradation reduces to high extent. The percentage reduction in strength is more in saline water than in normal tap water. Epoxy samples show more degradation in saline medium (39-46\%) at 40 degrees C as compared to plain water medium (29-41\%) at the same temperature.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

TRANSACTIONS OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF METALS

Environmental Degradation of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Nanocomposites with Self-Healing Reinforcement in Polymer Matrix for Wind Turbine Blade Application

For two hundred years, quaternions and octonions were explored, not a single effort was made on constructing the mathematical universe with more than eight imaginary worlds. We cross that 200 years old jinx and report dodecanion, a universe made of 12 imaginary worlds and show that once a fractal-like system is dynamic with 12 dimensions, it acquires a geometric feature unprecedented at lower dimensions. While the topology of octonion algebra remains an identity, the topology of a dodecanion algebra demands the coexistence of three distinct manifolds at a time and three distinct stereographic projections at a time. We define it as the condition for a self-operational mathematical universe. Earlier, dimensions were only a new dynamic associated with a new orthogonal axis, now, we assign modular or clock arithmetic systems in the singularity points of a system, thus, it assembles a mathematical structure where the systems are assembled one inside the other. The dimensions 12, 18, 20, 24, 30, 36 create a distinct catalog of manifolds. Since the maximum allowed higher dimension in recent physics is 10 (String theory) or 11 (M-theory), the dodecanion algebra with 12D is the simplest multinion that maps the topological variability and the interactions of physical worlds representing different dimensions, i.e., dynamics. We mapped here distinct projections from infinity during stereographic projections while transiting from 2 to 12 imaginary worlds. The dodecanion algebra has the ability to incorporate the manifolds created by multinions of higher dimensions, it is essential and sufficient for a generic self-operating universe. © 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.