Department of Electrical Engineering

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IIT Jodhpur

A sensor for highly sensitive, selective, and rapid determination of the trace amount of toxic Hg2+ ions is developed for the first-time using molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) functionalized AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT). The vertically aligned, flower-like MoS2 structures are synthesized through a simple hydrothermal route and applied on the gate region of AlGaN/GaN HEMT. The scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction are performed for structural characterization of MoS2. Further, the sensing of Hg2+ ions is performed by electrical characterizations of MoS2 functionalized AlGaN/GaN HEMT. The sensor showed an excellent sensitivity of 0.64 μA/ppb and detection limit of 0.01152 ppb with the rapid response time of 1.8 s. The sensor exhibits the linear range of detection from 0.1 ppb to 100 ppb and highly selective behavior towards Hg2+ ions. The results demonstrated that the MoS2 possess excellent Hg2+ ions capture property, that could be attributed to the complexation of Hg2+ ions with sulfur and the electrostatic interaction between MoS2 and Hg2+ ions alters the drain to source current (IDS) of the HEMT at a constant drain to source voltage (VDS). Therefore, the MoS2 based AlGaN/ GaN HEMT devices have a huge potential for next-generation ion sensing applications. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.

World University root node

Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical

Real time detection of Hg2+ ions using MoS2 functionalized AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor for water quality monitoring

In gas sensor technology, current research efforts are focused on developing a high performance miniaturized gas sensor operating at room temperature. In recent years, layered semiconducting material MoS2 has gained vast attention in sensing field owing to the detection of a variety of analytes at room temperature, high surface-to-volume ratio, and also provided substantial advantages in emerging flexible and wearable sensing field. Herein, a state-of-art overview of the utilization of burgeoning MoS2 research in gas sensing applications is provided. The synthesis of some exciting different nanostructures and hybrids of the MoS2 on a rigid as well as flexible substrate is summarized, as they play an important role in tuning the gas sensing characteristic of the MoS2. The gas sensing performance of the MoS2 sensors with proposed mechanisms is discussed in the context of a wide range of different morphologies/nanostructures, nanocomposites, van der Waals heterostructures, and photoactivation effects. Moreover, rapid advances and growing significance of the MoS2 on the emerging flexible gas sensing platform are also highlighted. Finally, some insights into new challenges and future perspectives in the promising MoS2 research for gas sensing applications are presented. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

Advanced Materials Technologies

MoS2-Based Nanomaterials for Room-Temperature Gas Sensors

In this work, a Modulated Perturb and Observe (MoPO) Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm is proposed for the solar PV array, where a uniform solar irradiance on solar PV array is considered. For MPPT on solar PV array, several techniques have been proposed, where the most popular technique is 'Perturb and Observe (PO)' MPPT technique. However, there are issues with PO MPPT technique like fix step change, the oscillation in the steady-state condition and large tracking duration during dynamic change condition. In this paper, these issues are mitigated by using a modulated step change, which shrinks the size during the steady-state condition for reducing the oscillation and expands the size during dynamic irradiance change condition to quickly capture the new MPP (Maximum Power Point). The performance of MoPO MPPT technique is evaluated on different types of solar irradiance condition, as well as its dominance over the state of the art techniques is proved through a comparative study with classical PO MPPT technique. © 2019 IEEE.

2019 3rd International Conference on Recent Developments in Control, Automation and Power Engineering, RDCAPE 2019

Modulated Perturb and Observe Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm for Solar PV Energy Conversion System

[ASSENTED TO 3 FEBRUARY 2000] [DATE OF COMMENCEMENT: 30 NOVEMBER 2000] (Unless otherwise indicated) (English text signed by the President) as amended by Judicial Matters Amendment Act 42 of 2001 Promotion of Administrative Justice Amendment Act 53 of 2002 Judicial Matters Second Amendment Act 55 of 2003 Judicial Matters Amendment Act 22 of 2005 Public Service Amendment Act 30 of 2007 Judicial Matters Amendment Act 66 of 2008 Regulations under this Act REGULATIONS ON FAIR ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES (GN R1022 in GG 23674 of 31 July 2002) ACT To give effect to the right to administrative action that is lawful, reasonable and procedurally fair and to the right to written reasons for administrative action as contemplated in section 33 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996; and to provide for matters incidental thereto. Preamble WHEREAS section 33 (1) and (2) of the Constitution provides that everyone has the right to administrative action that is lawful, reasonable and procedurally fair and that everyone whose rights have been adversely affected by administrative action has the right to be given written reasons; AND WHEREAS section 33 (3) of the Constitution requires national legislation to be enacted to give effect to those rights and to-* provide for the review of administrative action by a court or, where appropriate, an independent and impartial tribunal; * impose a duty on the state to give effect to those rights; and * promote an efficient administration; AND WHEREAS item 23 of Schedule 6 to the Constitution provides that the national legislation envisaged in section 33 (3) must be enacted within three years of the date on which the Constitution took effect; AND IN ORDER TO-* promote an efficient administration and good governance; and * create a culture of accountability, openness and transparency in the public administration or in the exercise of a public power or the performance of a public function, by giving effect to the right to just administrative action, BE IT THEREFORE ENACTED by the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa, as

Duke Law Journal

Development of Intelligent Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques and Robust Control Algorithms for Grid Integrated Solar PV Energy Conversion System

This paper presents an assessment of jitter induced by power and ground (P/G) voltage variations. The assessment is based on an extended input/output buffer information specification (IBIS)-like model for capturing the effect of P/G signal variations under simultaneous switching output buffers. The implemented large signal equivalent-circuit model is validated under different test conditions having different P/G voltage variations for predicting the output signal distortions. The associated jitter analysis by predicting the eye diagram under the noise conditions is performed. The maximum prediction error for the peak to peak values of eye jitter and eye height are 7.06 and 2.59, respectively. © 2019 IEEE.

IEEE/IFIP International Conference on VLSI and System-on-Chip, VLSI-SoC

I/O Buffer Modelling for Power Supplies Noise Induced Jitter under Simultaneous Switching Outputs (SSO)

Acetone constitutes 58% of the volatile organic compounds found in human breath. Acetone in breath is proven to be a biomarker for type I diabetes. Portable and sensitive metal oxide semiconductor-based gas sensor with Tungsten Oxide (WO3) thin film as the sensing layer has been used to measure the concentration of Acetone in breath. Acetone gas being a reducing gas decreases the resistance of thin film when it comes in contact of the sensor. The gas sensor is fabricated, characterized and tested for various concentrations of Acetone gas. A linear calibration curve is obtained on the log scale for predicting any concentration in the novel range of 10 ppm to 300 ppm at 300 °C in the sensor fabricated using RF Magnetron sputtering method. The gas sensor is portable and easy to handle with the chip size of 5mm × 5mm and thin film thickness of 100 nm. The efficiency is optimized by operating it at temperature 300 °C with minimum response time and recovery time © 2018 IEEE.

2018 IEEE Nanotechnology Symposium, ANTS 2018

Metal Oxide Semiconductor-based gas sensor for Acetone sensing

This paper reports the development of a novel electronic micro-viscometer capable of measuring viscosity of different Newtonian fluids using less than 100 µl which is highly sensitive, operates on the principle of capacitance change of a microfluidic channel where fluid flows without any external force. A novel electrical approach is developed to study the Newtonian fluids flow characteristics within the microfluidic channel. Special attention is devoted to mathematical modeling, device fabrication and its electrical characterization with diesel/biodiesel and its different compositions (dynamic viscosity ranges 0.1–10 cP) to study the Newtonian fluids flow characteristics and viscosity. Micro-viscometer is realized using standard silicon process techniques; the device has a closed micro-channel with a reservoir on one side and a sink on the other. The channel wall is coated with SiO2, allowing passive pumping of various fluids due to its hydrophilic behavior. The devices are analyzed using 3D optical imaging and electrical characterization in the presence of diesel/bio-diesel and its different compositions. © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

Microsystem Technologies

A novel electronic micro-viscometer

This paper presents the design and fabrication of thermally actuated multi-layered microactuator for out of plane actuation application. Multi-layered actuators are fabricated using ammonium persulfate basedTMAH(Tetra-Methyl-Ammonium-Hydroxide) etching with metal passivation. Multi-layered [Au/Si3N4/SiO2] microactuators with straight and cross-heaters are characterized using the I-V measurement tool. Temperature across actuator was similar to simulated results. Gold as an upper layer of a microactuator fully protected during the release process. Fundamental mode or resonant frequency of fabricated multi-layered microactuator measured by laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) which observed around 20 KHz. ©2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Engineering Research Express

Multi-layered [Au/Si3N4/SiO2] thermal actuator realization using metal passivated TMAH micro-machining

Breath analysis has gained interest of many researchers lately. Acetone has been proven to be the biomarker for diabetes mellitus. The research depicts a thin film MEMS based gas sensor for acetone gas detection. MEMS techniques have been followed to develop the gas sensor involving the processes like oxidation, lithography, sputtering for deposition of thin films and electrodes, etc. Tin oxide thin film has been incorporated for detecting different concentration levels of acetone gas, viz, 20, 10, 7, 5, 3, 1.5 ppm. Various characterization like X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), gas sensing characterization for recording resistance changes have been performed. XRD patterns reveal the formation of SnO2. AFM and SEM depict clear images of grain boundaries on the film. SnO2 thin films have been annealed at 300 °C to achieve an optimum grain size of 86.3 nm as depicted by AFM. Optimum operating temperature for sensing acetone gas has been computed to be 360 °C. Tin oxide can detect even a very low concentration of 1.5 ppm acetone gas with a good resistance response change of 30%. Apart from acetone gas, other interfering gases present in breath have also been tested. The sensor does not respond to them. The response time of the sensor for detection of acetone gas is approximately 3 min and the recovery time is approximately 4 min. A suitable instrumentation circuitry has also been designed for the sensor which displays the resistance value of the thin film before and after it comes in contact with acetone gas. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

MEMS based tin oxide thin film gas sensor for diabetes mellitus applications

A carbohydrate based polyacrylamide (Paam) modified with guar gum (GG) bio-hydrogel was developed for triggered, controlled gastro-retentive drug dispenser (GRDD) application. Temperature was applied as external stimuli and acidic medium (pH4) was used to release the drug from gel network. The release phenomenon was observed until 60 hours to understand the suitability for prolonged gastro retentive drug dispensing vehicle. The cytotoxicity was assessed by XTT assay with MCF-7 cell line. © 2019 IEEE.