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We present a robust stereo-image coding algorithm using digital watermarking in fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) and singular value decomposition (SVD). For the purpose of the security, the original (left stereo) image has been degraded and watermark (right disparity map) is embedded in the degraded image. This watermarked degraded stereo image is processed in an insecure channel. At the receiver's end, both the watermarked image (left stereo image) and watermark images are found by the decoding process. The use of the FrFT, SVD, and degradation process of the stereo image add much more complexity to decode the information about the stereo images and disparity map extraction. Moreover, processing of the watermarked image only provides the stereo as well as 3-D information of the scene/object. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is efficient to achieve stereo image security. © 2009 SPIE and IS & T.

Department of Mathematics

World University root node

Journal of Electronic Imaging

Stereo image coding via digital watermarking

Digital Watermarking is used for copyright protection and authentication of digital media-image/audio/video data. In this paper, a novel dual watermarking scheme is described based on Discrete Wavelet Transforms (DWT) and Singular Value Decompositions (SVD). Unlike the existing dual watermarking schemes, both the watermark embedded using DWT and SVD are invisible in the proposed scheme. For embedding, both the images are transformed into Wavelet domain and SVD is performed further on both the images. Subsequently the singular values are summed up to find the new set of singular values. Both the watermarks get embedded in the same manner. A reliable watermark extraction scheme has been developed for the extraction of the watermarks from the distorted image. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed scheme is capable of withstanding variety of attacks.

Journal of Digital Information Management

Dual watermarking scheme for copyright protection and authentication

This paper presents a new semi-blind reference watermarking scheme based on discrete wavelet transform(DWT) and singular value decomposition(SVD) for copyright protection and authenticity. We are using a gray scale logo image as watermark instead of randomly generated Gaussian noise type watermark. For watermark embedding, the original image is transformed into wavelet domain and a reference sub-image is formed using directive contrast and wavelet coefficients. We embed watermark into reference image by modifying the singular values of reference image using the singular values of the watermark. A reliable watermark extraction scheme is developed for the extraction of watermark from distorted image. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed scheme is able to withstand a variety of attacks. We show that the proposed scheme also stands with the ambiguity attack also. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Computer Standards and Interfaces

A new robust reference watermarking scheme based on DWT-SVD

In this paper, a newer version of Walsh-Hadamard Transform namely multiresolution Walsh-Hadamard Transform (MR-WHT) is proposed for images. Further, a robust watermarking scheme is proposed for copyright protection using MR- WHT and singular value decomposition. The core idea of the proposed scheme is to decompose an image using MR-WHT and then middle singular values of high frequency sub-band at the coarsest and the finest level are modified with the singular values of the watermark. Finally, a reliable watermark extraction scheme is developed for the extraction of the watermark from the distorted image. The experimental results show better visual imperceptibility and resiliency of the proposed scheme against intentional or un-intentional variety of attacks. © 2008 IEEE.

2009 IEEE International Advance Computing Conference, IACC 2009

Robust watermarking in multiresolution walsh-hadamard transform

In this paper, a robust watermarking scheme is proposed for copyright protection using Distributed multiresolution discrete cosine transform(D-MR-DCT) and singular value decomposition. The core idea of the proposed scheme is to decompose an image into four frequency sub-bands using D-MR-DCT and then singular values of every sub-band are modified with the singular values of the watermark. The experimental results show better visual imperceptibility and resiliency of the proposed scheme against intentional or unintentional variety of attacks. © 2009 IEEE.

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Advances in Pattern Recognition, ICAPR 2009

Robust watermarking using distributed MR-DCT and SVD

In this chapter, a robust watermarking technique based on encryption in fractional wavelet Domain is presented to improve the protection and authentication of the images. The core idea of the proposed watermarking scheme is to encrypt an image via fractional wavelet transform and then watermark is embedded in encrypted image by modifying the singular values. After embedding, watermarked encrypted image is decrypted with the help fractional wavelet transform to get the watermarked image. First, watermarked image is encrypted by same algorithm at the receiver's end and then watermark is extracted by proposed watermark extraction algorithm. The feasibility of this method and its robustness against different kind of attacks are verified by computer simulations. © 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Studies in Computational Intelligence

Encryption based robust watermarking in fractional wavelet domain

This paper presents a new robust reference watermarking scheme based on wavelet packet transform (WPT) and bidiagonal singular value decomposition (bSVD) for copyright protection and authenticity. A small gray scale logo is used as watermark instead of randomly generated Gaussian noise type watermark. A reference watermark is generated by original watermark and the process of embedding is done in wavelet packet domain by modifying the bidiagonal singular values. For the robustness and imperceptibly, watermark is embedded in the selected sub-bands, which are selected by taking into account the variance of the sub-bands, which serves as a measure of the watermark magnitude that could be imperceptibly embedded in each block. For this purpose, the variance is calculated in a small moving square window of size Sp × Sp (typically 3 × 3 or 5 × 5 window) centered at the pixel. A reliable watermark extraction is developed, in which the watermark bidiagonal singular values are extracted by considering the distortion caused by the attacks in neighboring bidiagonal singular values. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed scheme is able to withstand a variety of attacks and the superiority of the proposed method is carried out by the comparison which is made by us with the existing methods. © 2009 World Scientific Publishing Company.

International Journal of Image and Graphics

ROBUST REFERENCE-WATERMARKING SCHEME USING WAVELET PACKET TRANSFORM and BIDIAGONAL-SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION

In the recent years, Digital Watermarking is used for copyright protection and authentication. In this paper, a new Dual Watermarking Scheme based on DWT-SVD is presented to improve the robustness and protection. Both Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) have been used as a mathematical tool to embed watermark in the image. In the proposed technique, two watermarks are embedded in the host image. First watermark is called primary watermark, which is a gray scale digital image. Second watermark is called secondary watermark which is a gray scale meaningful logo instead of randomly generated Gaussian noise type watermark. The secondary watermark is embedded into primary watermark and the resultant watermarked image is used as watermark for the host image. A reliable watermark extraction scheme is developed for the extraction of the primary as well as secondary watermark from the distorted image. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed scheme is able to withstand a variety of attacks. The secondary watermark is easy to detect in all the cases but sometimes primary one is severely distorted. ©2008 IEEE.

1st International Conference on the Applications of Digital Information and Web Technologies, ICADIWT 2008

DWT-SVD based dual watermarking scheme

In this paper, a dual watermarking scheme based on wavelet packet transform(WPT), singular value decomposition( SVD) and sub-sampling is presented. After dividing original image into four sub-sample images, two sub-images are selected by taking into consideration of block variance singular analysis(BVSA). Then two watermarks are embedded in the selected subimages. First watermark is embedded into one of the selected sub-image by modifying the singular values. For second watermark embedding, another sub-image is transformed into wavelet packet transform domain and embedding is again done by modifying the singular values of the selected sub-bands. After embedding, modified sub-bands are mapped to their original positions for constructing watermarked sub-image. After both embedding, watermarked image is constructed by inverse sub-sampling. Experimental results show good robustness and security of the proposed scheme. A new measure BVSA is presented, which gives an image block from a set of image blocks, whose mean, standard deviation, entropy, gradient and sum of singular values is greater. © 2008 IEEE.

Proceedings - 1st International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology, ICETET 2008

Dual watermarking scheme via sub-sampling in WPT-SVD domain

In this paper, a new robust watermarking scheme is proposed in multiresolution fractional Fourier transform domain using singular value decomposition. The watermark is embedded in the high frequency sub-band of the host image at coarsest level. Although the schemes based on SVD are robust but fail under ambiguity attacks. In this attack, both the owner and attacker can extract their watermark from the watermarked image. To prevent ambiguity, the normalized mass matrix is formed and embedded in the host image. In extraction, normalized mass matrix is extracted first and compared with original one. If the similarity is found then the singular values are extracted to construct the watermark. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed scheme is able to withstand a variety of attacks. © 2008 IEEE.