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In this paper, a wavelet packet transform (WPT)-based robust video watermarking algorithm is proposed. A visible meaningful binary image is used as the watermark. First, sequent frames are extracted from the video clip. Then, WPT is applied on each frame and from each orientation one sub-band is selected based on block mean intensity value called robust sub-band. Watermark is embedded in the robust sub-bands based on the relationship between wavelet packet coefficient and its 8-neighbour (D8) coefficients considering the robustness and invisibility. Experimental results and comparison with existing algorithms show the robustness and the better performance of the proposed algorithm. © 2012 Indian Academy of Sciences.

Department of Mathematics

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Sadhana - Academy Proceedings in Engineering Sciences

Wavelet packet transform-based robust video watermarking technique

In this paper, a chaotic encryption framework based on fractional wavelet packet transform (FrWPT) is proposed for securing palmprint data. The palmprint image is first transformed into FrWPT domain with chaotically generated transform orders followed by the alteration of FrWPT coefficients using Hessenberg decomposition. Finally, a reliable decryption scheme is presented to reconstruct original plamprint image from the encrypted data only with the valid keys. Simulated results and analysis validate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed technique. © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Procedia Computer Science

A novel chaotic encryption framework for securing palmprint data

Generally, in watermarking techniques the size of the watermark is very small when compared to the host image. On the contrary, this is an attempt in which a new facet in watermarking framework is presented where the size of host image is very small when compared to the watermark image. The core idea of the proposed technique is to first scale up the size of host image equal to the size of watermark using chaotic map and Hessenberg decomposition followed by the redundant wavelet transform. A meaningful gray scale watermark is embedded in the low frequency sub-band at the finest level using singular value decomposition. To prevent ambiguity and enhance the security, a binary watermark is also embedded in loss-less manner which ensures the authenticity of the watermarked image. Finally, a reliable watermark extraction scheme is developed for extracting both the watermarks. The experimental results demonstrate better visual imperceptibility and resiliency of the proposed scheme against intentional or un-intentional variety of attacks. © 2011 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications

A new facet in robust digital watermarking framework

Automatic assessment of image quality in accordance with the human visual system (HVS) finds application in various image processing tasks. In the last decade, a substantial proliferation in image quality assessment (IQA) based on structural similarity has been observed. The structural information estimation includes statistical values (mean, variance, and correlation), gradient information, Harris response and singular values. In this paper, we propose a multiscale image quality metric which exploits the properties of Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) to get approximate pyramid structure for its use in IQA. The proposed multiscale metric has been extensively evaluated in the LIVE database and CSIQ database. Experiments have been carried out on the effective number of scales used as well as on the effective proportion of different scales required for the metric. The proposed metric achieves competitive performance with the structural similarity based state-of-the-art methods. © 2012 IEEE.

Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo Workshops, ICMEW 2012

SVD filter based multiscale approach for image quality assessment

In this paper, a novel reference watermarking scheme based on Gyrator transform is presented. The core idea is to segment original image into non-overlapping blocks using zigzag scan followed by the reference image formation considering the spatial frequency of the blocks. Reference image is then transformed in the Gyrator domain. The embedding of the watermark is done by modifying singular values of reference image in Gyrator domain with the singular values of watermark image. The experimental results demonstrates the performance and robustness of the proposed algorithm against a variety of attacks. © 2011 IEEE.

Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering

A new robust reference watermarking framework in Gyrator domain

In this paper, an efficient algorithm for integrating infrared information into images with natural appearance is proposed. The obtained result can be used for different navigation and surveillance applications. The proposed algorithm uses the characteristics of human visual system in framelet domain. The main idea is to decompose the natural and IR images to be fused into low and high frequency bands using framelet transform. The fusion is performed by two different strategies while exploiting the characteristics of low and high frequency bands. The first strategy is adaptive weighted average based on local energy and is applied to fuse the low-frequency bands. In order to fuse high frequency bands, a new strategy is developed based on texture while exploiting the human visual system characteristics, which can preserve more details from source images and further improve the quality of scene in the fused image. Experimental results demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed algorithm in visual inspection and objective evaluation criteria. © 2011 IEEE.

2011 IEEE Symposium on Industrial Electronics and Applications, ISIEA 2011

Navigation and surveillance using night vision and image fusion

In this paper, a new yet simple reference logo watermarking scheme based on fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) and singular value decomposition (SVD) is proposed. The core idea of the proposed scheme is to segment host image into non-overlapping blocks by the means of Hilbert space filling curve and a reference image is formed by considering Human visual system (HVS). First, reference image is transformed into FrFT domain and embedding is done by modifying singular values of the reference image using singular values of watermark. After embedding, modified reference image is segmented into blocks and these modified blocks are mapped into their original places for constructing watermarked image. For extraction, a reliable watermark extraction scheme is proposed. The experimental results demonstrate better visual imperceptibility and resiliency of the proposed scheme against intentional or un-intentional variety of attacks. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

Multimedia Tools and Applications

A new robust reference logo watermarking scheme

Three-dimensional (3D) visualization of spatial and non-spatial data is a well-established practice having numerous applications. The cheapest and the most efficient way to 3D visualization is 3D images/ Anaglyphs. 3D images contain 3D information of the objects present in the image. These images are easily obtained by superimposing left and right eye images in different color in a single image. In this paper, a novel security framework, viz., watermarking scheme, is presented to ensure their security. The proposed security framework is employed in fractional Fourier transform domain of secret color channel followed by the embedding using singular value decomposition. The secret channels (SEC) are obtained by applying reversible integer transform on the RGB channels. The experimental results prove the robustness and imperceptibility of the proposed watermarking scheme. © The Visualization Society of Japan 2010.

Journal of Visualization

A robust security framework for 3D images

In this paper, a novel yet simple encryption technique is proposed based on toral automorphism, Markov map and singular value decomposition (SVD). The core idea of the proposed scheme is to scramble the pixel positions by the means of toral automorphism and then encrypting the scrambled image using Markov map and SVD. The combination of Markov map and SVD changed the pixels values significantly in order to confuse the relationship among the pixels. Finally, a reliable decryption scheme is proposed to construct original image from encrypted image. Experimental results demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed scheme. © 2011 Springer-Verlag.

Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)

A novel image encryption framework based on Markov map and singular value decomposition

In this paper, an efficient concealed weapon detection algorithm is proposed which uses the characteristics of human visual system in frame let domain. The main idea is to decompose the visual and IR/MMW images to be fused into low and high frequency bands using frame let transform. The fusion is performed by two different strategies while exploiting the characteristics of low and high frequency bands. The first strategy is adaptive weighted average based on local energy and is applied to fuse the low-frequency bands. In order to fuse high frequency bands, a new strategy is developed based on texture while exploiting the human visual system characteristics, which can preserve more details from source images and further improve the quality of detected weapons in the fused image. Experimental results demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed concealed weapon detection algorithm in visual inspection and objective evaluation criteria. © 2011 IEEE.

Proceedings - 2011 Canadian Conference on Computer and Robot Vision, CRV 2011

Human visual system based framework for concealed weapon detection

This paper presents a secure and robust watermarking scheme to enhance the security of biometric template over insecure network. Diffusion and digital watermarking techniques are used to improve the security and secrecy of the templates. Diffusion phase is done by chaotic sequence and Hessenberg decomposition. This phase essentially change the pixel values of biometric template randomly. Finally, the watermark image, which is the face image of the owner of biometric template, is embedded in the diffused biometric template with the help of singular value decomposition. The feasibility of the proposed method and its robustness against different kind of attacks are verified by computer simulations. © 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Biometric template security based on watermarking

Image Fusion is a technique which attempts to combine complimentary information from multiple images of the same scene so that the fused image is more suitable for computer processing tasks and human visual system. In this paper, a simple yet efficient real time image fusion algorithm is proposed considering human visual properties in spatial domain. The algorithm is computationally simple and implemented very easily in real-time applications. Experimental results highlights the expediency and suitability of the algorithm and efficiency is carried by the comparison made between proposed and existing algorithm. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010.

Real time human visual system based framework for image fusion

This paper presents a new human visual system (HVS) based adaptive digital watermarking scheme using discrete cosine transformation (DCT) and singular value decomposition (SVD) for copyright protection. For watermark embedding mask of the original image is computed using HVS model and original image is transformed into frequency domain using DCT. We embed watermark by modifying the singular values of DCT coefficient of the original image, by singular values of mask coefficient of original image and singular values of watermark logo. A reliable watermark extraction scheme is developed for the extraction of watermark from the distorted images. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed scheme is able to withstand a variety of attacks. © 2010 IEEE.

Proceedings - 3rd International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology, ICETET 2010

DCT and SVD based new watermarking scheme

In this paper, a new robust watermarking scheme is proposed using fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) and singular value decomposition. The core idea of the proposed scheme is to decompose an image using FrFT followed by the non-overlapping block segmentation. A new key matrix is then formed by taking maximum singular values of all non-overlapping blocks. For embedding this key matrix is used and is done by modifying singular values with the singular values of the watermark. The experimental results show better visual imperceptibility and resiliency of the proposed scheme against intentional or un-intentional variety of attacks. © 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Communications in Computer and Information Science

A new SVD based watermarking framework in fractional Fourier domain

Disparity estimation from stereo imagery has gained substantial interest of research community from its commencement with the recent trend being the use of multiresolution methods. Existing multiresolution based methods are relatively independent and do not, in general, relate to a continuous progress in the research. As a result, the relative advantages and disadvantages of a particular multiresolution method in disparity estimation are hard to understand. Present work is an effort to put different multiresolution methods together to highlight their expediency and suitability along with the comparison to get a better understanding. Three different frameworks are used having different strengths and limitations followed by the comparison in the terms of time complexity, quality of matching and effect of different levels of decomposition. Qualitative and quantitative results have been provided for four types of standard multiresolution methods. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010.

Performance evaluation of multiresolution methods in disparity estimation

In this paper, a robust watermarking technique based on fractional cosine transform and singular value decomposition is presented to improve the protection of the images. A meaningful gray scale image is used as watermark instead of randomly generated Gaussian noise type watermark. First, host image is transformed by the means of fractional cosine transform. Now, the positions of all frequency coefficients are changed with respect to some rule and this rule is secret and only known to the owner/creator. Then inverse fractional cosine transform is performed to get the reference image. Watermark logo is embedded in the reference image by modifying its singular values. For embedding, the singular values of the reference image are found and then modify it by adding the singular values of the watermark image. A reliable watermark extraction algorithm is developed for extracting watermark from possibly attacked image. The experimental results show better visual imperceptibility and resiliency of the proposed scheme against intentional or un-intentional variety of attacks. © 2010 Copyright SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering.

Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering

SVD-based robust watermarking using fractional cosine transform

The Fourier transform is undoubtedly one of the most valuable and frequently used tools in signal processing and analysis but it has some limitations. In this paper, we rectify these limitations by proposing a newer version of Fourier transform, namely, Distributed Multiresolution Discrete Fourier Transform (D-MR-DFT) and its application in digital watermarking. The core idea of the proposed watermarking scheme is to decompose an image into four frequency sub-bands using D-MR-DFT and then singular values of every sub-band are modified with the singular values of the watermark. The experimental results show better visual imperceptibility and resiliency of the proposed scheme against intentional or unintentional variety of attacks. © 2010 World Scientific Publishing Company.

International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing

Distributed Multiresolution Discrete Fourier Transform and its application to watermarking

In this paper, a multipurpose watermarking scheme is proposed. The meaning of the word multipurpose is to make the proposed scheme as single watermarking scheme (SWS) or multiple watermarking scheme (MWS) according to our requirement and convenience. We first segment the host image into blocks by means of Hilbert space filling curve and based on amount of DCT energy in the blocks, the threshold values are selected which make proposed scheme multipurpose. For embedding of n watermarks (n -1) thresholds are selected. If the amount of DCT energy of the block is less than the threshold value then ENOPV decomposition is performed and watermark is embedded in either low or high or all frequency sub-bands by modifying the singular values. If the amount of DCT energy of the block is greater than the threshold value then embedding is done by modifying the singular values. This process of embedding through ENOPV-SVD and SVD is applied alternatively to all (n - 1) threshold values. Finally, modified blocks are mapped back to their original positions using inverse Hilbert space filling curve to get the watermarked image. A reliable extraction process is developed for extracting all watermarks from attacked image. Experiments are done on different standard gray scale images and robustness is carried out by a variety of attacks. © 2009 SPIE-IS&T.

Multipurpose watermarking scheme using essentially non-oscillatory point-value decomposition

In this paper a novel watermarking scheme based on Wavelet Packet Transform (WPT) with best tree is explored. The basic idea behind the proposed scheme is to decompose the preprocessed host image via wavelet packet transform and then find the best tree by entropy based algorithm. Watermark is embedded in all frequency bands of best tree. A reliable watermark extraction scheme is developed for the extraction of watermark from the distorted images. Experimental evaluationsdemonstrate that the proposed scheme is robust against variety of attacks. © 2009 IEEE.

2009 IEEE International Advance Computing Conference, IACC 2009

A robust watermarking scheme using best tree wavelet packet transform

Al-Cu thin films were deposited by DC magnetron sputtering. The films are characterized by atomic force microscopy and its surface morphologies are analyzed by wavelet technique. Multiresolution signal decomposition wavelet technique was employed to extract the surface roughness from the AFM images of Al-Cu thin films. It is observed that the Al-Cu thin films exhibit higher surface roughness value with increasing deposition time. The calculated surface roughness of the thin films, using wavelet technique, is comparable with that of its experimental values. © 2009 World Scientific Publishing Company.