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Global warming is one of the biggest challenges that we are facing today. Construction industry is also contributing to the problem by emitting greenhouse gases. In order to deal with this issue sustainable products are being adopted by all the industries. Similarly, highway industry is also adopting several measures to reduce its carbon footprint. One of such measures is cold mix asphalt technology (CMA). CMA does not require any heating of material. This is achieved by using asphalt emulsion and cutback as binding material. Since these materials are liquid at room temperature, they do not require any heating for mixing and compaction. This gives many environmental and economic benefits to CMA over hot mix asphalt (HMA). Despite having these advantages, inferior performance makes CMA undesirable to be used in the construction of roads having high density traffic. Although some studies have been taken to improve the performance of CMA but those are limited in their scope. Present paper gives an overview of the different aspects of CMA technology. It discusses materials, design procedure, field utilisation, performance, effect of different performance enhancing measures of CMA. In the end benefits, drawbacks and future scope of CMA are also presented. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd

World University root node

Department of Civil & Infrastructure Engineering

Journal of Cleaner Production

Cold mix asphalt: An overview

Using polymer modification and warm mix modification together can result in modified binders having superlative performance along with normal mixing and compaction temperature. Over the decades, different experimental methods have been used to study rutting and fatigue performances of asphalt binders and mixes. Currently, advanced performance evaluation tests like multiple stress creep and recovery, linear amplitude sweep, wheel rut tester, and four-point bending beam test are being used. In the present study, warm mix polymer modified binder was prepared by using both polymer modifier, i.e. styrene butadiene styrene and warm mix modifier, i.e. zycotherm together. Then by using these advanced tests, rutting and fatigue performances of asphalt binder and mix were evaluated at different stress levels and temperatures. A correlation was established between the asphalt binder and mix performance. Stress susceptibility was also evaluated. Using both the modification methods did not show any compatibility problems. Mixes prepared using warm mix polymer modified binder were found to have improved performance along with lower production temperature. further performance evaluation tests of asphalt binder and mixes were found to have a very good correlation with each other. © 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

International Journal of Pavement Engineering

Investigating the performance of polymer and warm mix modified asphalt binders and mixtures

Rutting and fatigue are two major pavement distresses which affect both structural and functional performances of the flexible pavement. Linear amplitude sweep (LAS) and Multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) are two advanced methods to examine fatigue and rutting performance of asphalt binders respectively. The present study aims at examining the effect of ageing (short term and long term) and modification (polymer and warm mix) on the performance of asphalt binders. Both LAS and MSCR tests were conducted at different temperatures, stress/strain levels, and ageing conditions. Stress is a parameter that influences the performance of asphalt binder significantly so stress susceptibility was also evaluated for all the binders at different temperatures and ageing conditions. From the test results, it was found that ageing improves the stress susceptibility of the asphalt binders with respect to rutting parameters on the other hand ageing deteriorated the stress susceptibility concerning fatigue parameters. The applicability of different asphalt binders at different temperature and traffic conditions was also examined and it was found that most of the binders failed to fulfill the criteria at the temperatures which were well below their high-temperature performance grades. This highlighted the need to revise the Superpave criteria. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Chinese Society of Pavement Engineering.

International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology

Rutting and Fatigue Performance of Aged Modified Asphalt Binders

Asphalt binder is a complex viscoelastic material. It implies that based on temperature and loading, its behaviour changes from a viscous material to an elastic material. Modification and ageing further add to this complexity. Over the years, a number of studies have examined all the aspects of polymer-modified binders (PMB), but there is still work needed to correlate the viscoelastic behaviour of the PMBs to their morphological behaviour. So, in the present study PMBs are prepared by modifying VG-10 base binder with the help of styrene butadiene styrene and ethylene vinyl acetate. Binders were aged using rolling thin-film oven test and pressure ageing vessel. Viscoelastic and morphological evaluation of binders was carried out by using dynamic shear rheometer and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The test results showed that polymer modification enhances the thermorheological complexity of the base binders, while ageing does not affect it. Linear viscoelastic limits of the binders were found to be decreasing after ageing and modification. Ageing degrades the polymer network so after ageing PMBs were found to be behaving similar to base binder. The SEM results support these results. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2020, Iran University of Science and Technology.

International Journal of Civil Engineering

Viscoelastic and Morphological Evaluation of Aged Polymer Modified Asphalt Binders

Asphalt binder is a complex material to study. Asphalt binder modification and ageing further increase this complexity. These two phenomenon affect the behaviour and performance of the binder significantly. In order to successfully characterise and understand the behaviour of asphalt binder, it is necessary to study the effect of ageing and modification at microscopic level. Over the years many researchers have used different method to study the chemical and morphological behaviour of the asphalt binder. In the present study three major morphological and chemical experimental procedures Fluorescence microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are used to examine the effect of polymer modification and ageing on asphalt binder simultaneously. In the study base binder is modified using styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). Fluorescence microscopy and separation testes were used to find out the optimum binder content for both the polymer modifiers. Short term and long term ageing were simulated on the base binder as well as PMBs by using rolling thin film oven test (RTFOT) and pressure ageing vessel (PAV) test respectively. SEM and FTIR tests were conducted before and after the ageing and modification. Test results were analysed. Based on the analysis of test results, comparisons are made and conclusions are given. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd

Construction and Building Materials

Effect of polymer modification on the ageing properties of asphalt binders: Chemical and morphological investigation

Developing appropriate experiments to characterize the rutting potential of an asphalt binder will aid in suitable selection of asphalt binders for a location, depending on the prevailing temperature and loading conditions. This study is an attempt to develop a ranking parameter for the high-temperature performance of asphalt binders that can explain the effect of temperature, stress levels, and short-term aging. Six different asphalt binders comprising conventional, warm mix modified, and polymer modified binders were used in the study. A multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) test was conducted at 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, and 70°C using four different stress levels of 3.2, 5, 8, and 10 kPa. The test was conducted on unaged and rolling thin-film oven (RTFO) aged conditions. The Arrhenius equation was used to model the variation of unrecoverable creep compliance, Jnr, with temperature at different stress levels. It was found that, irrespective of stress level and aging condition, the Arrhenius equation can be successfully used to model the variation of Jnr with temperature. The activation energy, Ea, in the Arrhenius equation was found to be a useful parameter to explain the rutting characteristics of the asphalt binders. A new ranking parameter Eā/(Jąnr,Maximum Temperature×mą) was defined in the study and it can be successfully used to quantify the high-temperature performance of asphalt binders. An aging index was also proposed using the ranking parameter to explain the effect of short-term aging on the rutting susceptibility of the binders. The comparative analysis of the asphalt binders led to a conclusion that elastomeric polymer modified binder, PMB-S, outperforms all the other asphalt binders in both unaged and aged conditions. It is envisaged that such ranking system will ensure the true behavior of asphalt binders under variation of temperature and load conditions in the pavement. © 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering

Development of High-Temperature Ranking Parameter for Asphalt Binders Using Arrhenius Model

This study focuses on evaluating the flow behavior of conventional and polymer modified asphalt binders in steady- and dynamic-shear domain, for a temperature range of 20–70 °C, using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR). Steady-shear viscosity and frequency sweep tests were carried out on two conventional (VG 10 and VG 30) and two polymer (SBS and EVA) modified asphalt binders. Applicability of the Cox–Merz principle was evaluated and complex viscosity master curves were analyzed at five different reference temperatures. Cross model was used to simulate the complex viscosity master curves at different temperatures. It was found that asphalt binders exhibited shear-thinning behavior at all the test temperatures. The critical shear rate increased with increase in temperature and was found to be lowest for plastomeric modified asphalt binder. The Cox–Merz principle was found to be valid in the zero-shear viscosity (ZSV) domain and deviated at higher frequency/shear rate for all the binders. Results from the study indicated that the ratio of ZSV can be successfully used as shift factors for construction of master curves at different reference temperatures. Cross model was found to be suitable in simulating the complex viscosity master curves at all the test temperatures. Analysis of model parameters indicated that a strong relationship exists between ZSV and the critical shear rate. ZSV and critical shear rate varied exponentially with temperature. This relationship was used to propose a simple equation for assessing the shift factors for construction of master curves. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials

Study on viscosity of conventional and polymer modified asphalt binders in steady and dynamic shear domain

Primary constituents of bituminous concrete are coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, binder and additive (optional). The basic properties of these constituents govern the characteristics of the bituminous mix (viz. stability, durability, temperature, stress and rutting resistance). When the basic properties of the core material are below-graded, the bituminous concrete mix fail to meet the required standard. One of the feasible solution to overcome this problem is the use of additives in order to improve the properties of bituminous mix. In this study, locally available poor quality stone aggregate and asphalt were treated with liquid Nano-material, zycosoil. The bituminous concrete prepared using Zycosoil treated stone aggregate and bitumen, yield better results compared to mix prepared with locally available conventional materials. Moreover, when zycosoil was added with bitumen as 0.5% of the weight of bitumen, the bituminous mixture gave superior results in terms of stability, rutting and temperature resistance. Apart from the improved performance, bituminous macadam prepared using zycosoil modified stone and asphalt was found to be economical.

European Transport - Trasporti Europei

Effect of nano-materials on asphalt concrete mixes; a case study

The present study aims at studying ageing characteristics of conventional bitumen, polymer modified bitumen (PMB) and warm mix asphalt (WMA) by using FTIR. Results of obtained FTIR spectrum were quantified by calculating different indices and finally based on these indices ageing index of the binders for short- and long-term ageing were calculated. Results showed ageing increased amount of complex and high molecular weight components of the binders. PMB was found to have greater ageing resistance than conventional asphalt binders. In case of WMA, results found to be inconclusive, requiring further investigation. © 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Petroleum Science and Technology

Use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to study ageing characteristics of asphalt binders

Among various kind of distresses, rutting and fatigue are two major ones which affect the functional and structural performance of the flexible pavement significantly. Despite the popularity of different modified binders, conventional binders are largely used in the construction of low to moderate traffic volume roads. This paper aims at studying the performance of conventional asphalt binders with respect to their rutting and fatigue behaviour by using the Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery (MSCR) and Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) test respectively. In the study three conventional binders i.e. VG-10, VG-20 and VG-30 are tested over a range of temperature and loading conditions. Based on the experimental results, comparisons are made, and conclusions are given.

Investigating the performance of conventional asphalt binders

In the present study four different binders are tested on Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) to evaluate the effect of spindle diameter and plate gap on the rheological properties of asphalt binders. Frequency sweep tests are conducted on the binders from 10-70 °C by varying the spindle diameter and gap between the plates. It was found that the change in rheological properties with variation in spindle geometry and plate gap is more pronounced at higher temperatures and lower frequencies. These deviations in the properties with change in spindle attributes are found to be a function of stiffness of asphalt binder. It is also established from the study that the 25 mm diameter spindle geometry gives better and consistent results as compared to the 8 mm spindle geometry for the evaluation of the rheological properties of different asphalt binders. © 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, London.

Functional Pavement Design - Proceedings of the 4th Chinese-European Workshop on Functional Pavement Design, CEW 2016

Effect of spindle diameter and plate gap on the rheological properties of asphalt binders

The authors present the results and analysis of amplitude sweep tests done on 10 different asphalt binders using dynamic shear rheometer. The test was done from 30 to 70°C using a spindle geometry of 25 mm diameter with 1 mm gap setting. Matching function concept coupled with a three stage optimization procedure has been used to propose a new model for evaluating the complex modulus of bitumen at any given temperature and strain level. The model has been validated and is found to be fairly accurate for different types of binders. © 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.