Department of Electrical Engineering

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IIT Jodhpur

We present highly time-resolved (30 to 120 min) measurements of size-fractionated (PM10 and PM2.5) elements in two cities in Asia (Delhi and Beijing) and Europe (Krakow and London). For most elements, the mean concentrations in PM10 and PM2.5 are higher in the Asian cities (up to 24 and 28 times, respectively) than in Krakow and often higher in Delhi than in Beijing. Among European cities, Krakow shows higher elemental concentrations (up to 20 and 27 times, respectively) than London. Hourly maximum concentrations of Pb and Zn reach up to 1 μg m-3 in Delhi, substantially higher than at the other sites. The enrichment factor of an element together with the size distribution allows for a rough classification of elements by major source. We define five groups: (1) dust emissions, (2) non-exhaust traffic emissions, (3) solid fuel combustion, (4) mixed traffic/industrial emissions, and (5) industrial/coal/waste burning emissions, with the last group exhibiting the most site-To-site variability. We demonstrate that the high time resolution and size-segregated elemental dataset can be a powerful tool to assess aerosol composition and sources in urban environments. Our results highlight the need to consider the size distributions of toxic elements, diurnal patterns of targeted emissions, and local vs. regional effects in formulating effective environmental policies to protect public health.. © 2021 Mary Ann Liebert Inc.. All rights reserved.

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Department of Civil & Infrastructure Engineering

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Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Highly time-resolved measurements of element concentrations in PM10 and PM2.5: Comparison of Delhi, Beijing, London, and Krakow

Modern data-driven applications pose stringent requirements of high bandwidth, ultra-low-latency, low-powered, and scalable interconnections among switches and routers in data-centers. To address these demands, electronic switching is not a viable choice due to bandwidth and computing bottlenecks. Thus, researchers explored effective optical switch design principles for next-generation data-centers. In optical switches, data aggregates in the form of optical bursts (OB) at ultra-high speeds. In the case of OB contention, solutions are proposed by researchers to store OB as recirculating patterns in fiber delay lines (FDL) with induced optical delay. However, due to variable burst length, it is not possible to measure slot delay length, thus storage of contending bursts is not possible at intermediate core switches. Motivated from the aforementioned discussions, in this paper, we propose a switch design DbOBS, that is capable to store variable OB during contention slots. DbOBS estimates mean burst length, and possible deviation from mean length to minimize burst loss. The considered switch design is validated through parameters like-burst length estimation, over-reservation, and waiting time. For network-layer simulations, poison arrivals of data bursts are considered as packetized units. The packets are sent through Monte-Carlo arrivals and burst loss probability (BLP) is estimated at various input load conditions and buffer sizes. DbOBS achieves a BLP in order of 10(-4) at load approximate to 0.8, and buffer-size of 50, and burst length of L = 5, that outperforms the traditional switch designs.

OPTICAL AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS

DbOBS: dual buffered switch for variable optical bursts in future datacenters

This article presents a fault identification technique that makes use of the empirical mode decomposition of three-phase current signals of a distribution network. The current signals measured at the substation bus over a moving window are decomposed to obtain the first-level intrinsic mode function and residue. The standard deviation of the first-level residue is calculated as a fault index for each phase and compared with a threshold to detect and categorize the type of fault. A ground fault index based on the average value of the first-level residue of the neutral current is proposed to discriminate the phase-phase and phase-phase-ground faults. The proposed algorithm has been successfully tested on the IEEE 13 bus and 34 bus distribution systems in the presence of the solar photovoltaic power plant by varying the type of fault, fault incidence angle, and fault location in the presence of noise. The selectivity of the proposed algorithm has been established by testing the algorithm with nonfaulty transients such as transformer excitation and deexcitation, feeder energization and deenergization, load switching, capacitor switching, and also those associated with distributed generation (DG) penetration like islanding and tripping of DG. Subsequently, the residue-based features are fed to a decision tree to locate the faults on the distribution system. Thus, the proposed algorithm has been successful in detecting, classifying, and locating faults with DG penetration in the presence of noise within half cycle by utilizing only current signals. © 1972-2012 IEEE.

IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications

An EMD and Decision Tree-Based Protection Algorithm for the Solar PV Integrated Radial Distribution System

This article presents an analytical approach to determine jitter for a CMOS inverter in the presence of power supply noise (PSN). The deviation in the transition edge of the output signal from its ideal timing is modeled accurately for each transition. A power series method is used to solve differential equations for different regions of transistors during output transition. The PSN has been expressed in Taylor series expression, aids to derive closed-form equation for time interval error (TIE). The obtained results from the proposed methodology closely match with electronic design automation (EDA) simulator results and verified on 40 nm Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) and 28 nm United Microelectronics Corporation (UMC) foundries, demonstrating accurate modeling of jitter. IEEE

IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices

Device Parameter-Based Analytical Modeling of Power Supply Induced Jitter in CMOS Inverters

To understand the spread of SARS-CoV2, in August and September 2020, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (India) conducted a serosurvey across its constituent laboratories and centers across India. Of 10,427 volunteers, 1058 (10.14%) tested positive for SARS-CoV2 anti-nucleocapsid (anti-NC) antibodies, 95% of which had surrogate neutralization activity. Three-fourth of these recalled no symptoms. Repeat serology tests at 3 (n = 607) and 6 (n = 175) months showed stable anti-NC antibodies but declining neutralization activity. Local seropositivity was higher in densely populated cities and was inversely correlated with a 30-day change in regional test positivity rates (TPRs). Regional seropositivity above 10% was associated with declining TPR. Personal factors associated with higher odds of seropositivity were high-exposure work (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval, p value: 2.23, 1.92–2.59, <0.0001), use of public transport (1.79, 1.43–2.24, <0.0001), not smoking (1.52, 1.16–1.99, 0.0257), non-vegetarian diet (1.67, 1.41–1.99, <0.0001), and B blood group (1.36, 1.15–1.61, 0.001). © Naushin et al.

eLife

Insights from a pan India sero-epidemiological survey (Phenome-india cohort) for SARS-CoV2

This paper introduces the characterization of AZ-P4620 photoresist as a sacrificial layer for Radio Frequency MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical System) switches. The surface micromachining process is opted for the fabrication of RF MEMS switches, which includes a suspended structure. Initially, a thick photoresist is coated and patterned, to be utilized as a sacrificial layer and then the structural layer is deposited on it. For proper connectivity of the structural layer, edge coverage is required. This photoresist is optimized at different post-baking temperatures. We investigated that slope angles decrease with an increase in post bake temperature. Using the optimized recipe, the RF MEMS switch is fabricated and characterized successfully. The measured isolation, pull-in voltage, and insertion loss, are − 30 dB, 23 V, and − 0.2 dB, respectively at 18 GHz frequency. © 2020, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

Microsystem Technologies

Sacrificial layer optimization for RF MEMS switches

The role of indium trioxide (In2O3) decorated Si nanowires (SiNWs) based resistive sensor for selective detection of ethanol vapors at near room temperature has been successfully demonstrated. SiNWs samples were synthesized using metal assisted chemical etching technique and these were decorated by a thin film of indium followed by annealing. The sensing response was captured by measuring the change in resistance of the sensing layer using a Cr-Au inter-digitated-electrode (IDE) structure formed on top of the sensing layers. All sensors were tested for ethanol, acetone, iso-propanol (IPA), xylene, benzene and toluene vapours in the wide concentration range of 5-500 ppm and at different temperatures. Sensors based on SiNWs alone had displayed higher response towards acetone vapours whereas after heterojunction formation with In2O3, significant sensitivity to ethanol was depicted. In2O3 decorated SiNWs resulted in significant enhancement of the sensor response% towards ethanol at near room temperature. Minimum detection of ethanol at 50 ppm and 10 ppm was portrayed by SiNWs and In2O3/SiNWs based sensors respectively. It was concluded that sensing behaviour was a consequence of combinatory effect produced by the presence of both SiNWs and In2O3. A simple explanation with device schematic and band diagrams of the material are proposed to describe the sensing mechanism. This study demonstrates the significance of surface treatment of SiNWs and the role of heterostructures for tuning the sensing properties and development of wafer scalable sensors. © 2001-2012 IEEE.

IEEE Sensors Journal

Near Room Temperature Sensing by InO Decorated Silicon Nanowires for Sensitive Detection of Ethanol

In the present work, we report design, fabrication and testing of a novel DC MEMS switch incorporating a self-encapsulated and recessed micro-cantilever beam. Wafer level anodic bonding with press-on contacts between silicon and glass is used innovatively to secure the recessed cantilever beam from one side. The cantilever is made of single crystal silicon in a recessed cavity whereas actuating electrode and signal lines are formed on corning glass. Anodic bonding provides “press on contacts” between silicon and glass plate and also secures the cantilever beam in the recessed cavity in silicon. The signal lines and pull-in electrode are formed on the glass plate using aluminium metallization while the cantilever has a gold pad at its tip. The anodic bonding provides three major advantages (i) it encapsulates the fragile beam and thus protects it from damage during dicing and packaging process (ii) it provides press-on contact between signal lines on glass plate and bonding pads on silicon (iii) it makes the beam optically visible. The devices were simulated using COMSOL multiphysics software and the results were compared with experimentally measured values. The cantilever based switch operates at low actuation voltage (average ~ 12 V) indicating that it can be used for power electronic circuits and various other applications. © 2020, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

Self-encapsulated DC MEMS switch using recessed cantilever beam and anodic bonding between silicon and glass

Studies in Systems, Decision and Control

Preface

Modern engineering education is increasingly assuming an interdisciplinary character, where developments in one area almost invariably affect other areas. A prominent example is that of signal processing, which has undergone significant changes with the emergence of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) in recent years. While the impact of ML/DL is clearly visible from the viewpoint of research and development as well as industrial applications, it is not immediately clear how signal processing education should evolve in terms of pedagogy and content. Hence, the main purpose of this article is to provide some insight into this aspect. In particular, we emphasize that the introduction and popularity of ML/DL, especially at the level of teaching, has provided an opportunity to bring the focus back to some of the fundamental ideas rooted in signal processing and other related fields of study. © 1991-2012 IEEE.