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Chemical exchange in solution state has been investigated traditionally by both 1D and 2D NMR, permitting the extraction of kinetic parameters (e.g. the spin-lattice relaxation time T 1, the exchange rate constant k and the activation parameters). This work demonstrates a simple 1D NMR approach employing multiply selective excitation to study multi-site exchange processes in solution, applying it to systems that exhibit three-site exchange. This approach involves simultaneous excitation of all - or a chosen subset of - the exchanging sites by using an appropriately modulated shaped radiofrequency pulse. The pulse sequence, as well as analysis is summarized. Significant features of the experiment, which relies on sign labelling of the exchanging sites, include considerably shorter experiment time compared to standard 2D exchange work, clear definition of the exchange time window and uniform pulse non-ideality effects for all the exchanging sites. Complete kinetic information is reported in the study of dynamic processes in superacid solutions of two weak bases, studied by 1H NMR. An analytical solution, leading to the determination of four rate parameters, is presented for proton exchange studies on these systems, which involve a mixture of two weak bases in arbitrary concentration ratio, and stoichiometric excess of the superacid. © Indian Academy of Sciences.

Department of Chemistry

Fulltext

Journal of Chemical Sciences

Study of multi-site chemical exchange in solution state by NMR: 1D experiments with multiply selective excitation

The paper reports studies of the dynamic process in pentachlorophenol (PCP) in the solid state by one-dimensional Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR) exchange spectroscopy employing shaped rf pulses. Pentachlorophenol exhibits intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl proton and one of the o-chlorines. Reorientation of the hydrogen bond with migration of the hydroxyl proton from one o-chlorine to the other is possible in a wide temperature range. In this process the two o-chlorines are exchanged; at the same time this implies the exchange of the two m-chlorines as well, which we have chosen to monitor, modeling it as a two-site exchange process. A detailed analysis of the appropriate Bloch-McConnell equation is performed to formulate the relevant kinetic matrix. The exchange pulse sequence implemented by us involves suitably modulated shaped RF pulses to achieve simultaneous on-resonance excitation of the two exchanging sites. This approach results in a clear definition of the exchange time window and requires only a short experiment time. Kinetic parameters, namely, the spin-lattice relaxation rate and the exchange rate are deduced from the experimental signal intensities. Variable temperature measurements in the range 213 K-318 K have been carried out to extract the activation parameters as well.

World University root node

Molecular Physics

Study of dynamics in pentachlorophenol in the solid state by 1D Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance exchange spectroscopy

Recent work on the nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) investigation of molecular dynamics in the solid state has relied on 2D methods. We report our studies of dynamic processes by 1D shaped pulse NQR spectroscopy. Significant advantages include considerably shorter experimental duration, clear definition of the exchange time window, and avoidance of off-resonance effects. The reorientation of the Cl3C̃ group in polycrystalline chloral hydrate [Cl3C-CH(OH)2] is considered as a test case. This may be modelled as a three-site exchange process. An analysis of the generalised Bloch-McConnell equation is performed to formulate the kinetic matrix. The present approach involves simultaneous excitation of the sites that undergo chemical exchange by employing a suitably modulated shaped RF pulse, followed by a mixing time, and finally a suitable read pulse for signal detection. The experimental signal intensities are plotted against the mixing time to extract the kinetic parameters, i.e. the exchange rate and the spin-lattice relaxation rate. Variable temperature measurements are carried out to determine the activation parameters. Short experiment times are possible in our 1D mode, enabling a large number of runs to be readily performed as a function of mixing time and temperature. The kinetic and activation parameters obtained in the case of chloral hydrate are in good agreement with recent literature values.