Department of Electrical Engineering

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Write once read many times (WORM) memory devices based on the resistive switching mechanism of a sputtered amorphous BaTiO3 (am-BTO) thin film in a metal-insulator-metal structure is fabricated on a FTO coated glass substrate with a silver top contact. Fabricated devices show the switching from a low-conductance state to a high-conductance state with the formation of conductive filament(s) in the am-BTO layer. The memory characteristics are investigated as a function of thickness of am-BTO layer, which is determined by varying the deposition time. Devices with all deposited thicknesses show data retention for more than 4000 s and 300 reading cycle. Devices with 180 nm thickness show a high on-off ratio on the order of 106. The fabricated WORM devices exhibit good reading-endurance and data-retention characteristics. © 2021 Author(s).

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Department of Physics

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Applied Physics Letters

Write-once-read-many-times resistive switching behavior of amorphous barium titanate based device with very high on-off ratio and stability

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDCs) including MoS2, WS2, MoSe2, WSe2, etc., have received significant attention from the worldwide scientists for a variety of novel applications owing to their unique electronic, chemical, optical, and physical properties. This review focuses on the advances in the field of sensing based on 2D TMDCs and their composites. In this context, the recent progress of 2D TMDCs and their composites for lab-based detection of different analytes including heavy metals, biomolecules, hydrogen peroxide, toxic gases, and volatile compounds are discussed. Interaction of analytes with TMDCs and their composite is elucidated in accordance with various sensing mechanisms. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities related to the emerging 2D TMDCs and their composites based sensing devices are also presented. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.

Sensors and Actuators, A: Physical

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides and their composites for lab-based sensing applications: Recent progress and future outlook

Over the past several decades, metal oxide based gas sensors are widely used for hydrogen gas sensing applications. However, their poor sensitivity and very high value of operating temperature (&gt; 300 °C) pose a severe threat over hydrogen detection due to its highly flammable nature. In recent years, a few strategies have been explored by the researchers to address these formidable challenges faced by the sensing technology. Here, we present MoS2/ZnO hybrid exhibiting higher molecular detection at low operating temperature. The ZnO film was grown using the magnetron sputtering technique, while MoS2-PVP nanocomposites (MoS2-PVP NCs) were synthesized through organic polymer assisted liquid exfoliation process. We examined the sensing performance of various MoS2/ZnO hybrids prepared by the decoration of different concentration MoS2-PVP NCs over the ZnO surface. The decoration of ZnO film through MoS2-PVP NCs increases the effective surface area and the number of active sites for the hydrogen molecules to get adsorbed, hence improved the surface reactivity to gas molecules. Interestingly, a 5 mg/mL MoS2-PVP NCs decorated ZnO sensor showed an improvement of $\sim 8$ times in sensing response as compared to the pristine ZnO based sensor upon 50 ppm hydrogen exposure. The improvement in sensing ability is primarily ascribed to electronic sensitization and spillover effects. Our results establish that the MoS2/ZnO hybrid exhibit superior hydrogen sensing behavior indicating the prominent role of MoS2-PVP NCs in hydrogen detection. © 2001-2012 IEEE.

IEEE Sensors Journal

MoS2-PVP Nanocomposites Decorated ZnO Microsheets for Efficient Hydrogen Detection

This paper discusses a discrete optimization problem of optimal design of Power Delivery Networks (PDN) in VLSI systems. In this paper, a practical case study is presented, where, in order to design an efficient PDN, the cumulative impedance of the PDN is optimized below the target impedance. For this purpose, the decoupling capacitors (from commercially available capacitors) are chosen in such a way that the minimum number of the capacitors are used, and also their optimal locations are identified. The different variants of inertia weight strategies incorporated into particle swarm optimization algorithms are used for this purpose. A comparative analysis of the performance of these algorithms is also presented. © 2021 IEEE

Proceedings - IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems

Optimal design of a decoupling network using variants of particle swarm optimization algorithm

The human body is a highly sophisticated machine that is not fully understood to date. The body function is highly dependent on the versatile functions performed by different organs, which have their diverse arrangement of cells. Every organ (perhaps every body part) is prone to damage and malfunction because of the topological conditions, lifestyle, habitats, and food chemicals. Helping humans to lead an easy, luxurious, and healthy life are the primary goal of any technology, especially extending human life is the ultimate target of medical instrumentation. The importance of developing innovative techniques for disease diagnosis and treatment are burning topics since the start of the medical and pharmaceutical industry. Kidney failure is one of the common health issues worldwide, which is a slow poison affecting 10% of the world population. The importance of replacing the kidney is essential to extend a patient life. This review focuses on Organ-on-Chip technology with a major focus on Kidney-on-Chip (KOC). The evolution of techniques to diagnose and treat organ failure is elaborately presented. Major emphasis solely on the development of kidney failure causes, diagnostic techniques, replacement techniques are reported with a timeline of developments. The major functions of the kidney that have been achieved artificially so far are reviewed to the deepest level. The future directions in this field are predicted and presented. MEMS and microfluidics allow the design and manufacturing of devices at microscale without compromising the actual functionalities, especially in terms of disease diagnosis and treatment. Microfluidics technology revolutionized the development of artificial organ industry, the chances of realizing an organ substantially improved. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Studies in Systems, Decision and Control

Mimicking Human Kidney: Research Towards Better Solutions for Kidney Failure

This letter considers a point-To-point data transmission scheme over a fixed number of slots where the energy harvesting transmitter operates in harvest-use-store (HUS) mode and an imperfect supercapacitor with storage loss and energy leakage loss is used as an energy storage device. For these settings, the dynamic programming (DP) method is known to achieve the optimal throughput, but the ' curse of dimensionality' necessitates the search of schemes that allow for an improved performance-complexity trade-off. The work focuses on deriving a computationally efficient online transmission policy that achieves the optimal or near-optimal throughput. This letter presents a novel computationally efficient uniform thresolding based online transmission policy that achieves near-optimal throughput. The work also presents numerical results which demonstrate that the proposed policy with supercapacitor-based energy storage achieves better or the same performance as compared to the battery-based energy storage, thus allowing for a longer lifetime of sensor networks.

IEEE Communications Letters

Online Transmission Policy for Energy Harvesting Sensor Node with Energy Loss

In release 16 of the third-generation project partnership, it has been suggested that hybrid-automatic repeat request (H-ARQ) protocols can be used to ensure robust communications. In this paper, we incorporate H-ARQ in the free-space optical (FSO) communication systems to improve their performance and communication link reliability. We derive novel, to the best of our knowledge, closed-form expressions for the outage probability of the FSO systems under the combined impact of gamma–gamma distributed atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors (PEs) for heterodyne detection and intensity modulation and direct detection techniques. This is accomplished using various H-ARQ protocols, such as, at least once, chase combing, and incremental redundancy (INR). Further, using outage probability expressions, we calculate throughput for the FSO systems using H-ARQ protocols. Useful insights into the FSO system performance are obtained through the asymptotic analysis for the considered H-ARQ protocols and detection techniques. It is observed through the numerical results that H-ARQ with INR performs better than the other considered H-ARQ protocols. We also draw a comparison between the outage performance of an FSO system with boresight PE and without boresight PE. © 2021 Optical Society of America

Applied Optics

Performance improvement of FSO communication systems using hybrid-ARQ protocols

In this paper, a programmable current source based simple, compact and low cost MOSFET dosimetry system is developed and characterized for the measurement of cumulative gamma radiation doses. The proposed readout system is microcontroller based which can be used to set-up different zero temperature coefficient currents (IZTC) (range: 200μA – 400μA) using digital rheostat and subsequently measuring changes in the threshold voltages of irradiated sensors. The proposed current source characterized by interfacing with six indigenously developed MOSFET sensors under gamma environments up to 1000 cGy with an average sensitivity of 5 mV/cGy and its performance is compared with commercially available Keithley's source measurement unit, albeit at much lower cost and size. The comparison shows that the threshold voltage measured from both the systems differ less than 1%. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

Design of programmable current source for MOSFET based gamma dosimetry system

In this paper, we analyze the secrecy outage performance for more realistic eavesdropping scenario of free-space optical (FSO) communications, where the main and wiretap links are correlated. The FSO fading channels are modeled by the well-known Málaga distribution. Exact expressions for the secrecy performance metrics such as secrecy outage probability (SOP) and probability of the non zero secrecy capacity (PNZSC) are derived, and asymptotic analysis on the SOP is also conducted. The obtained results reveal useful insights on the effect of channel correlation on FSO communications. Counterintuitively, it is found that the secrecy outage performance demonstrates a non-monotonic behavior with the increase of correlation. More specifically, there is an SNR penalty for achieving a target SOP as the correlation increases within some range. However, when the correlation is further increased beyond some threshold, the SOP performance improves significantly. © 1967-2012 IEEE.

IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology

Secure Outage Analysis of FSO Communications over Arbitrarily Correlated Málaga Turbulence Channels

Over the past decade, cyber-attack events on the electricity grid are on the rise and have proven to result in severe consequences in grid operation. These attacks are becoming more intelligent and can bypass existing protection protocols, resulting in economic losses due to system operating in a falsified and non-optimal condition over a prolonged period. Hence, it is crucial to develop defense tools to detect and mitigate the attack to minimize the cost of malicious operation. This paper aims to develop a novel command verification strategy to detect and mitigate False Data Injection Attacks (FDIAs) targeting the system centralized Economic Dispatch (ED) control signals. Firstly, we describe the ED problem in Singapore's deregulated market. We then perform a risk assessment and formulate two FDIA vectors - Man in the Middle (MITM) and Stealth attack on the ED control process. Subsequently, we propose a novel verification technique based on Multi-Agent System (MAS) to validate the control commands. This algorithm has been tested on the IEEE 6-Bus 3-generator test system, and experimental results verified that the proposed algorithm can detect and mitigate the FDIA vectors. © 2021 IEEE.