Department of Electrical Engineering

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The paper demonstrates the development of Dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid (DBSA) doped polyaniline (PANI) nanoparticles based ammonia gas sensor. DBSA doped PANI nanoparticles have been synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline monomer in the presence of DBSA. The UV - Visible spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction measurements are used to confirm the formation of PANI and its doping by DBSA, whereas SEM images are used to see the formation of nanoparticles of PANI. The chloroform dispersion of synthesized PANI-DBSA was spin coated over prefabricated interdigitated Pt patterned glass substrate to realize porous gas sensing active layer. The sensor displays good response at 100 ppm ammonia concentration and can repeatedly detect ammonia with relative response of 5.5. Besides, this sensor development, an analysis of sensor performance against temperature variations is done to check thermal stability of the sensor. Effect of thin film thickness variations on relative response of the sensor is also analyzed. The experiments have been carried out at different concentrations which show that when concentration increases relative response and recovery time increase and response time decreases. © 2018 IEEE.

World University root node

Proceedings of IEEE Sensors

Analysing Effect of Different Parameters on Performance of Dodecyl Benzene Sulphonic Acid Doped Polyaniline Based Ammonia Gas Sensor

A unique technique is proposed based on restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) and softmax regression for automated fault detection and classification using the acoustic signal generated from IC (Internal Combustion) engines. This technique uses RBM for unsupervised fault feature extraction from the frequency spectrum of the noisy acoustic signal. These extracted features are then used to reduce the dimensionality of the training and testing data vectors. These reduced dimensionality data vectors are used by softmax regression-based classifier for classification of the engine into faulty and healthy class. The proposed technique does not require any hand-engineered feature extraction, as usually done. This technique performs very well with a small number of training data. The overall performance of this technique for four different fault classes is more than 99\% on the industrial IC engine data. In a typical case, with only 38 training data sets and 210 test data sets, the performance is 99.52\%.

Fulltext

COMPLEX \& INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS

Restricted Boltzmann machine and softmax regression for fault detection and classification

The performance of a free space optical (FSO) communication system is significantly affected by atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors (PEs) apart from the additive noise which is assumed to be Gaussian. The Málaga or M-distribution encompasses various proposed statistical models for atmospheric turbulence in FSO systems. An optical pre-amplifier is an essential component of FSO systems for improving the receiver (Rx) sensitivity. However, optical pre-amplification results in amplified spontaneous emissions (ASE), which dominate the Rx thermal and shot noises. The square law photodetection process at the Rx in a FSO system necessitates the consideration of Chi-square statistics for the decision variable contrary to the Gaussian approximation that is widely used in the literature. In this paper, we evaluate the bit error rate (BER) performance of a FSO system assuming nonreturn-to-zero on-off keying modulation in the presence of ASE noise under M-turbulence and PEs. We also derive asymptotic BER expressions for the considered FSO system for large values of signal-to-noise ratio in terms of simple elementary functions. A further insight into the system is provided by performing the diversity analysis. © 2017 IEEE.

IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC

BER of an optically pre-amplified FSO system under málaga turbulence, pointing errors, and ASE Noise

This paper presents design, simulation and finite element analysis of a wind speed sensor based on MEMS piezoresistive microcantilever. The design is based on the drag force of the wind flow on any structure and employs four piezoresistors in Wheatstone bridge configuration to provide an electrical readout. Two basic structures, diaphragm and cantilever, are designed and simulated for the wind speed range 0–35 m/s using Coventorware 2012. As the magnitude of the force exerted by the wind with a speed of 35 m/s is very small, enhancement in the sensitivity of the sensors involved is a priority and can be achieved by structural variation of the cantilever. The optimized diaphragm structure provides a sensitivity of 0.31007 mV/(m/s)V. This is increased to 0.41612 mV/(m/s)V when utilizing a simple cantilever structure. The piezoresistors are also optimized by varying their dimensions so as to provide maximum sensitivity of 0.47843 mV/(m/s)V. The cantilever structure is optimized for maximum sensitivity by introducing a rectangular paddle at the free end. The optimized sensor is simulated for the range wind speed 0-35 m/s and provides a sensitivity of 1.3156 mV/(m/s)V. MEMS based piezoresistive wind speed sensor has advantages of having a small size, low power consumption and good sensitivity over wide range of operation. © 2018, © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Integrated Ferroelectrics

Design and analysis of MEMS piezoresistive rectangular paddle microcantilever based wind speed sensor

This paper offers layout design and simulation of a piezoelectric cantilever beam for electricity harvesting the use of mechanical ambient vibration converted by mean of piezoelectric effect. On this paper designed structure optimum power output in the distinctive piezoelectric substances in a bimorph cantilever beam configuration. The microstructure of the beam was designed by way of using COMSOL 5.1. The Lead zirconate titanate (PZT-5A) and Structural Steel materials used for active bimorph layers of size 21×0.14mm and 21×0.16mm respectively. The cantilever structure Generates maximum power of 1mw and generated voltage of 5.39V turned into received from the harvester at 12kΩ resistive load with the acceleration of 1 g (g = 9.81 m/s2) at resonant frequency of 75.5 Hz. This power harvester can be used for numerous purpose inside the area of MEMS sensors and Wi-Fi sensor networks. © 2017 IEEE.

IEEE International Conference on Information, Communication, Instrumentation and Control, ICICIC 2017

Vibration sensor: Piezoelectric power generator

The inductive power transfer (IPT) systems have been drawing much attention in the wide variety of industrial and automotive electric power applications such as battery chargers in automated guided vehicles and electric vehicles (EVs) these days. At the heart of this IPT system are two mutually coupled coils also known as charging pad. Among different existing charging pads, circular charging pad is the most widely adopted charging pad for stationary charging of EV. This is mainly due to ease of manufacturing, symmetric coupling profile, ease of experimental characterization and its non-directional characteristics which ensure simplicity of use by a driver. Circular charging pads consist of coils in the form of Archimedean spirals. For the design of Archimedean spiral, i.e., calculation of number of turns, outer and inner diameter, air gap between primary and secondary coil is often done using finite element analysis software (FEA). However, FEA simulations are complicated and may require a significant number of iterations before achieving the final design goals and therefore are time-consuming. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to formulate simple analytical expressions to design Archimedean spiral from given electrical parameters. An analytical expression for self-inductance as well mutual inductance has been presented. Analytical expressions have been validated using five different coil-pairs fabricated for the same electrical parameters. Usefulness and limitations of the analytical expressions have been discussed. © 2017, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

Electrical Engineering

Analytical design of Archimedean spiral coils used in inductive power transfer for electric vehicles application

Inductive power transfer (IPT) which transfers power from source to load through electromagnetic coupling, is being considered as a promising technology for charging of electric vehicles (EVs). IPT system is a double tuned circuit, i.e. two capacitors are added to form two resonant tanks with primary and secondary coil inductances. The secondary compensation circuit is added to improve the power transfer capability of the system and primary capacitor is so chosen to operate the inverter output at unity power factor. However, during practical implementation, switching frequency is deviated from resonant frequency to accommodate soft-switching in inverter switches. This paper deals with the impact of deviation from an ideal resonant frequency on efficiency and power transfer capability of the IPT system. In this paper, a series-series compensated IPT system has been considered for the analysis using PLECS simulation. © 2017 IEEE.

2017 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference, ITEC-India 2017

Impact of zero-voltage switching on efficiency and power transfer capability of a series-series compensated IPT system

This paper presents the selective and highly sensitive performance of porous TiO2/nano-Si heterostructure for ethanol sensing. The fabrication steps involved were scalable and reproducible making the device eligible for batch fabrication suitable for industry production. The sensor response was recorded as a change in resistance upon exposure to a variety of organic vapors in the concentration range of 5-500 ppm and in simulated real breath conditions. Although the response was obtained at room temperature, however, the operating temperature of the sensor was found to be around 100 °C. The sensing mechanism has been explained on the basis of adsorption-desorption theory of gases, physical, and chemical properties of the materials. A prototype was built for complete realization of the sensor. The sensor data from the sensor array comprising of hetersostructure and its single-layer counterparts were collated and signal conditioning like Regression model and PCA was done. These were used for assessing the alcohol concentration and separation of analytes for the development of E-nose system. © 1963-2012 IEEE.

IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices

Interfacial Engineering in TiO2/Nano-Si Heterostructure-Based Device Prototype for E-Nose Application

In this paper, design of Substrate Integrated Coaxial Line (SICL) based four way power divider is presented. A detailed study of different configurations of power divider based on SICL technology is explored. To realize impedance matching at the three port junctions, SICL based quarter wave impedance transformer is used in both Tee and Y type power divider. Both the designs exhibit equal power division with output power within the range of-3 0.05dB. The phase difference between the output ports of the two way power divider is below 0.5°. A design of SICL 90° bend is also studied. To compensate the reactive loading effect at the bend, chamfering at the central conductor is implemented which helps to improve the S parameter performance of the design. Finally, the Tee and Y power divider is cascaded along with SICL bend to realize SICL four way equal power divider. The proposed design operates over entire K band (18-26 GHz) with its reflection coefficient below-16 dB. The output power of the design is within-6 0.55 dB and the phase difference between the output ports are below 0.9°. The proposed design is compact in size and exhibits broad bandwidth making it suitable for practical applications. © 2017 IEEE.

IEEE MTT-S International Microwave and RF Conference, IMaRC 2017

Design of four-way substrate integrated coaxial line (sicl) power divider for k band applications

In recent times 'drink and drive' is one of the major causes for highway accidents. These types of accidents occur due to drowsiness when the drunk driver is unable to control the vehicle. Alcohol breathalyzer is one of the essential devices which uses non-invasive technique to measure the content of alcohol in human breath and correlates to the alcohol concentration in the blood. As per the National and International standards, a driver is found guilty if the alcohol content in his breath is found to be ≥ 700 ppm. It is therefore, required for this sensor to be efficiently detecting alcohol in low levels at room temperature. Apart from this, few other desirable parameters of a sensor are selectivity, stability, repeatability and low power consumption. In this demo, we will demonstrate a real-time lab prototype which will detect level of alcohol in human breath. This kind of device will be extremely useful to traffic police for keeping vigilance on drink and drive cases. © 2018 IEEE.