Department of Electrical Engineering

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IIT Jodhpur

Feature binding is a process that creates an integrated representation of an object. A change detection task with four stimuli is used to study color-shape binding of sequentially presented stimuli. Given the immense importance of locations in feature binding, and noting the confound of location information with simultaneous presentation, we compared simultaneous and sequential presentations when locations remained the same from study to test and when they changed randomly. In Experiment 1, sequential presentation implied showing the stimuli one by one to gradually build up the study display. There were no differences between the two modes of presentation in this experiment, although performance was better with unchanged locations than random locations. Experiment 2 used a sequential presentation when one stimulus vanished as the next was presented. An interaction effect showed that performance was much better with unchanged locations than random locations with simultaneous presentation, whereas locations had no effect in the sequential presentation condition. Three subsequent experiments, with drastically reduced presentation time for the display in the simultaneous presentation condition (Experiment 3), with blank intervals inserted after every stimulus in the sequential presentation condition (Experiment 4), and with a mask given immediately after the study-display presentation (Experiment 5), showed results similar to Experiment 2. Thus, we surmise that locations are a factor only in simultaneous presentation, and not in sequential presentation, and the differences between the two conditions can be attributed to post-perceptual factors within visual working memory. © Copyright © 2020 Bharti, Yadav and Jaswal.

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Frontiers in Psychology

Feature Binding of Sequentially Presented Stimuli in Visual Working Memory

Rapid industrialization and its automation on the globe demands increased generation of electrical energy with more reliability and quality. Renewable energy (RE) sources are considered as a green form of energy and extensively used as an alternative source of energy for conventional energy sources to meet the increased demand for electrical power. However, these sources, when integrated to the utility grid, pose challenges in maintaining the power quality (PQ) and stability of the power system network. This is due to the unpredictable and variable nature of generation by these sources. The distributed flexible AC transmission system (DFACTS) devices such as distributed static compensator (DSTATCOM) and dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) play an active role in mitigating PQ issues associated with RE penetration. The performance of DFACTS devices is mostly dependent on the type of control algorithms employed for switching of these devices. This paper presents a comprehensive review of various conventional and adaptive algorithms used to control DFACTS devices for improvement of power quality in utility grids with RE penetration. This review intends to provide a summary of the design, experimental hardware, performance and feasibility aspects of these algorithms reported in the literature. More than 170 research publications are critically reviewed, classified, and listed for quick reference for the advantage of engineers and academician working in this area. © 2013 IEEE.

IEEE Access

Comprehensive Review of Distributed FACTS Control Algorithms for Power Quality Enhancement in Utility Grid with Renewable Energy Penetration

This study proposes a new modelling approach for studying low-frequency oscillations (LFOs) in a droop controlled islanded microgrid. Due to the absence of inertia, these sources are more vulnerable to power and frequency oscillations. Their quick response can introduce faster electrical dynamics in the system which should be monitored from time to time. To ease the analysis process, this study proposes a simplified method for finding LFO in the microgrid. Inspired from the small-signal automatic generation control model of the conventional grid, a transfer function based closed-loop small-signal model of inverter-based islanded microgrid is presented in this study to study power-sharing among the various inverters. The proposed model uses the concept of dynamic power flow through the network to find the power output of each source following load perturbations in a system. Time domain simulation results and eigenvalue analysis is provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed small-signal model. By comparing the results obtained with actual system simulation in MATLAB/Simulink, it is found that the proposed simplified model is able to predict the stability margin and the LFO of the system without using actual detailed state-space modelling procedure. © 2020 The Institution of Engineering and Technology.

IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution

Dynamic power flow based simplified transfer function model to study instability of lowfrequency modes in inverter-based microgrids

Penetration of WE sources into the weak AC grid with low X/R ratio in the presence of unbalanced loads is a major cause of poor power quality (PQ). In such a scenario, WE penetration with higher levels becomes a significant challenge in the utility grid. This paper presents a solution to mitigate power quality issues in the weak grid to minimize the effect of low X/R ratio at a higher level of WE penetration using distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) controlled by a least mean fourth (LMF) algorithm. This control algorithm extracting the active and reactive weight component of the unbalanced load current to estimate reference signals, which helps to generate gate pulses for DSTATCOM. The LMF algorithm has been tested successfully for maintaining voltage stability and PQ at a higher level of WE penetration in the weak grid. © 2020 IEEE.

2020 IEEE Region 10 Symposium, TENSYMP 2020

Power Quality Mitigation in Weak AC Grid with Low X/R Ratios using Distribution Static Compensator Controlled by LMF Algorithm

A methodology to stabilize synchronized, balanced, or symmetric phase patterns of unicycle-type agents on a desired common circle, while restricting their trajectories to a certain region of interest, is proposed in this note. These phase patterns are characterized by the motion of the collective centroid of the group of agents and derived by optimizing the average linear momentum of the group. Under a mild assumption on initial states of the agents, we design control laws by exploiting the concept of barrier Lyapunov function in conjunction with bounded phase potential functions. We show that the agents asymptotically stabilize to a desired phase arrangement and their trajectories remain bounded during stabilization. We obtain bounds on the different quantities of interest in the postdesign analysis and show that these bounds depend on the initial conditions and can be altered by adjusting the controller gains. We also prove convergence when the control input is saturated to a prespecified value. Finally, we provide a discussion on the application and limitation of the proposed approach and characterize the feasible initial conditions. © 2020 IEEE.

IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control

Trajectory-Constrained Collective Circular Motion with Different Phase Arrangements

In this paper, a three-sensors based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) scheme with charging current protection facility has been proposed for Solar PV powered ON board Electric Vehicles (EV) applications. Therefore, this scheme is capable of charging the different types of EVs with current within the rated limit of the EV. Solar PV array can be directly attached for charging the EV without any external required circuitry. Therefore, any Solar panel array can be attached to charge the EV safely. The Above strategy is Simulated and tested in MAT LAB Simulink under variable irradiance of solar energy, which optimal SOC, charging current, and voltage shows satisfactory performance. © 2020 IEEE.

9th IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems, PEDES 2020

Solar PV array powered on board electric vehicle charging with charging current protection scheme

This work presents an enhanced multilayer second-order generalized integrator (EMSOGI) based control approach for a double stage single phase topology based solar PV array interfaced with the grid. This PV system is integrated into the grid at the DC bus of the voltage source inverter (VSI). The PV system satisfies the nonlinear load demand at the PCC (Point of Common Coupling) and feeds the excess power to the grid. The control is able to transfer the power even when the system is subjected to adverse grid conditions. The control is able to solve the inherent problems of the most popular controller used, that is, SOGI and its advanced versions. The boost converter is operated using a PO (Perturb and Observe) algorithm to maintain the peak power point tracing from the solar PV module. Furthermore, the obtained results of a developed model in MATLAB SIMULINK platform are observed to show that the IEEE-519 standard is duly followed under various adverse grid conditions. © 2020 IEEE.

An enhanced multilayer GI based control for grid integrated solar PV system

In this paper, we propose the design of event-triggered sliding mode control (SMC) for a high-order system via a reduced-order model based design. It comprises a triggering mechanism with a reduced-order state vector and a controller based on a reduced-order model which stabilizes the (high-order) plant against perturbation. Apart from its low order synthesis of the controller, the proposed technique possesses many other advantages. The important one is the sampling pattern, which could be sparser by the use of a reduced-order vector in the event condition than with a full vector itself. This observation comes from the fact that the triggering instants explicitly depend on the state vector and its behavior over time, and thereby relaxing a few components of the state vector in the triggering mechanism may decrease its rate of the violation. Another significant outcome of this strategy is that the transmission of the reduced-order vector, particularly in a network-based implementation can outperform the full-order based design owing to the severe challenges that persistently occur in the data network. The event-triggered SMC is considered to achieve a robust performance for the closed-loop system. We show that our proposal guarantees the stability of the full-order plant with the reduced-order triggering mechanism, which does not admit a triggering sequence with Zeno behavior. The simulation results are given for a practical example to illustrate the performance and benefits of the proposed method. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd

Automatica

Event-triggered sliding mode control for a high-order system via reduced-order model based design

For two-time scale systems, singular perturbation theory is often used for designing a controller based only on an approximate model of its slow dynamics, assuming the fast model to be stable. In this context, the authors investigate and implement a stabilising event-triggered feedback law for a networked singularly perturbed system, based only on an approximate model of its slow dynamics. Triggering rule guarantees the stability and the existence of a positive lower bound between two consecutive transmissions. The proposed approach has been validated for a laboratory-scale hardware setup of an active suspension system of a quarter-car model. The presence of fast and slow modes in a vehicle suspension system is utilised to model it as a singularly perturbed system. Experimental results indicate that in spite of the simplified structure of the controller and event-triggered feedback, its performance is comparable to that of the full-state feedback design with continuous feedback with the significant reduction in control execution events. © The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2020.

Department of Chemistry

IET Control Theory and Applications

Reduced-order event-triggered controller for a singularly perturbed system: An active suspension case

Structural analysis helps in parsing the mathematical expressions. Various approaches for structural analysis have been reported in literature, but they mainly deal with online and printed expressions. In this work, two-dimensional, stochastic context-free grammar is used for the structural analysis of offline handwritten mathematical expressions in a document image. The spatial relation between characters in an expression has been incorporated so that the structural variability in handwritten expressions can be tackled. © 2020, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.