Department of Electrical Engineering

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IIT Jodhpur

Human kidneys tend to be affected adversely and fail to function more often than any other organ in the body because of diet, heredity, and lifestyle of a person. Dialysis is the technique presently in use for replacing the failed kidney function but it is packed with painfulness, bulkiness, and is costly also. There is a growing need for development of an artificial kidney that eradicates the problems associated with dialysis. This article proposes a structure that mimics the most important aspect of the human kidney: the size-dependent reabsorption of endothelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). The proposed structure consists of transporting channels connecting blood tubules surrounded on both sides of a main tubule. Geometries of the channels are analyzed for optimum flow by varying angles with respect to the main tubule. The analytical formulae have been developed by considering proper boundary conditions governing the flow in the structure, which makes the model as robust, concise, and realistic as the actual PCT. The mathematical model is validated against the benchmark FEM tool COMSOL Multiphysics and the results seem to be satisfactory. This article concludes, that slant channels possess a considerably higher average flow velocity of 5.39 × 10–5 m/s (≈52% reabsorption rate) than straight channels with 4.77 × 10–5 m/s (≈46% reabsorption rate) which is closer to the actual PCT reabsorption rate of 60%. The proposed model is first of its kind in nature among the reported works which creates and exhibits simulation environment of PCT reabsorption function supported by mathematical formulation and also can be useful to study and develop artificial kidney in near future. © 2020 International Center for Artificial Organs and Transplantation and Wiley Periodicals LLC

World University root node

Artificial Organs

Recreating the size-dependent reabsorption function of proximal convoluted tubule towards artificial kidney applications: Structural analysis and computational study

The proposed article presents optimized Indium doped ZnO thin film for acetylene gas sensor. Thin films of ZnO and Indium doped ZnO of thickness 100 nm were successfully deposited on glass substrate using resistive thermal evaporation method. Structural properties have been performed by using XRD which reveals polycrystalline nature of the thin films. Morphological studies have been performed by using FESEM which reveals the information that thin film is homogeneous and uniform. AFM showed that with the increasing of indium doping concentration in ZnO resulting increment in vertical roughness of thin films. Further sample were tested for acetylene gas sensing using Keithley source meter and multimeter. The fabricated sensor (IZO-3) showed high sensitivity magnitude of 29.06 (100 ppm), short response and recovery time of 49.28 s and 58.45 s respectively at 150 °C operating temperature. IZO-3 sensor showed good linearity with good selectivity and excellent reproducibility. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd

Superlattices and Microstructures

Development of indium doped ZnO thin films for highly sensitive acetylene (C2H2) gas sensing

Trace level detection of formaldehyde (HCHO) is of utmost importance due to its harmful effects (carcinogenic) on humans. In the present work, we have deposited nickel oxide (NiO) using reactive sputtering technique with varying Ar:O2 ratio. It was found that NiO developed with Ar:O2 ratio of 70:30 exhibited the best response (operating temperature 200 °C) for formaldehyde. Developed metal oxide material is highly sensitive to formaldehyde with limit of detection as low as 50 ppb. Developed films were characterized for crystal structure using XRD, and surface morphology using AFM and SEM. Crystallographic assessment confirms the presence of face centered cubic phase of NiO and surface morphology of the film clearly shows the granular structure of the metal oxide film. Deposited NiO is found to be p-type which is confirmed by hotpoint probe, hall measurement as well as gas sensing behavior. The developed material was tested for various other indoor gases such as benzene (C6H6), carbon monoxide (CO), toluene (C7H8), and ammonia (NH3) and the material exhibited high selectivity towards HCHO. HCHO gas concentration ranging from 0.3 ppm to 2.5 ppm was tested on the sample. The material also showed good stability over the period of 3 months. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.

Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical

Nickel oxide (NiO) thin film optimization by reactive sputtering for highly sensitive formaldehyde sensing

This paper proposes the estimation by inspection method to analyse the impact of deterministic supply noise on the design specifications of the analog and mixed signal (AMS) systems. The method is based on the indefinite admittance matrix (IAM) method. The voltage gain, phase and input-output impedance have been considered as the design specifications. To validate the method, two examples of output stages for analog and digital blocks have been simulated in standard 0.18 μm technology with 1.8 V of supply and same geometric area. The proposed models using the inspection method and the SPICE based simulations shows maximum mean percentage error (MPE) of 3% for all the examples. © 2020 IEEE.

EPEPS 2020 - IEEE 29th Conference on Electrical Performance of Electronic Packaging and Systems

An inspection based method to analyse deterministic noise in N-port circuits

In this letter, we propose a generalized precoding-aided secure time-domain index modulation (PSTD-IM) scheme for enhancing the rate and secrecy of the system. Unlike in the conventional time-domain index modulation (TD-IM), where a single (or a set of) Nyquist pulse is activated over multiple symbol periods at the transmitter, in this letter, the pulse (or the set of pulses) is activated at the legitimate receiver, thereby securing the information transfer. In addition, we project artificial noise (AN) onto the null space of the legitimate user and degrade the signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) at the eavesdropper. In fact, we propose the above-discussed generalized PSTD-IM for a multi-user downlink scenario, where each user is expected to receive an independent TD-IM symbol. We analyze the secrecy rate and derive a closed-form expression for an upper bound on the average bit error rate (ABER) of the proposed scheme. Further, we show that the proposed scheme achieves transmit diversity as opposed to the existing spatial modulation schemes. © 1997-2012 IEEE.

IEEE Communications Letters

Precoding-Aided Secure Time-Domain Index Modulation

Automatic modulation classification (AMC) has a wide range of applications in the military and civilian areas. In the military, it is used for the extraction of information from unknown intercepted signals and the generation of jamming signals. Civil applications include interference management and spectrum underutilization. To overcome the limitations of traditional methods like maximum likelihood (ML) and feature- based (FB), deep learning (DL) networks have been developed and are being evolved. Following this direction, a convolution neural network (CNN) based AMC method is proposed. The two dimensional Fast Fourier Transform (2D-FFT) is used as a classification feature and a less complex and efficient deep CNN model is designed to classify the modulation schemes of different orders of PSK and QAM. The developed method achieves adequate classification performance for considered five modulation schemes in the AWGN channel. © 2020 IEEE.

2020 IEEE 17th India Council International Conference, INDICON 2020

2D-FFT Based Modulation Classification Using Deep Convolution Neural Network

A nuclear radiation monitoring system with a transmission range of 10 km is developed and validated. The designed system can be used for remote monitoring of nuclear radiation and collecting the data at ground stations located far apart from active site. It can be used to interface any wireless nuclear radiation sensor and has 10 years of operating lifetime. The transceiver is implemented using novel Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology which is specially designed for applications requiring long range transmissions at low data rate. The experimental testing of designed system shows that dose rate information can be transmitted upto 10 km in rural and 7 km in urban environment. Moreover, there is possibility of creating a network where number of different sensors located geographically apart can transmit to the same base station, thus providing simultaneous data analysis. © 2020 IEEE.

2020 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium, SAS 2020 - Proceedings

Long Range Nuclear Radiation Monitoring System using LPWAN Technology

Feature binding is a process that creates an integrated representation of an object. A change detection task with four stimuli is used to study color-shape binding of sequentially presented stimuli. Given the immense importance of locations in feature binding, and noting the confound of location information with simultaneous presentation, we compared simultaneous and sequential presentations when locations remained the same from study to test and when they changed randomly. In Experiment 1, sequential presentation implied showing the stimuli one by one to gradually build up the study display. There were no differences between the two modes of presentation in this experiment, although performance was better with unchanged locations than random locations. Experiment 2 used a sequential presentation when one stimulus vanished as the next was presented. An interaction effect showed that performance was much better with unchanged locations than random locations with simultaneous presentation, whereas locations had no effect in the sequential presentation condition. Three subsequent experiments, with drastically reduced presentation time for the display in the simultaneous presentation condition (Experiment 3), with blank intervals inserted after every stimulus in the sequential presentation condition (Experiment 4), and with a mask given immediately after the study-display presentation (Experiment 5), showed results similar to Experiment 2. Thus, we surmise that locations are a factor only in simultaneous presentation, and not in sequential presentation, and the differences between the two conditions can be attributed to post-perceptual factors within visual working memory. © Copyright © 2020 Bharti, Yadav and Jaswal.

Fulltext

Frontiers in Psychology

Feature Binding of Sequentially Presented Stimuli in Visual Working Memory

Rapid industrialization and its automation on the globe demands increased generation of electrical energy with more reliability and quality. Renewable energy (RE) sources are considered as a green form of energy and extensively used as an alternative source of energy for conventional energy sources to meet the increased demand for electrical power. However, these sources, when integrated to the utility grid, pose challenges in maintaining the power quality (PQ) and stability of the power system network. This is due to the unpredictable and variable nature of generation by these sources. The distributed flexible AC transmission system (DFACTS) devices such as distributed static compensator (DSTATCOM) and dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) play an active role in mitigating PQ issues associated with RE penetration. The performance of DFACTS devices is mostly dependent on the type of control algorithms employed for switching of these devices. This paper presents a comprehensive review of various conventional and adaptive algorithms used to control DFACTS devices for improvement of power quality in utility grids with RE penetration. This review intends to provide a summary of the design, experimental hardware, performance and feasibility aspects of these algorithms reported in the literature. More than 170 research publications are critically reviewed, classified, and listed for quick reference for the advantage of engineers and academician working in this area. © 2013 IEEE.

IEEE Access

Comprehensive Review of Distributed FACTS Control Algorithms for Power Quality Enhancement in Utility Grid with Renewable Energy Penetration

This study proposes a new modelling approach for studying low-frequency oscillations (LFOs) in a droop controlled islanded microgrid. Due to the absence of inertia, these sources are more vulnerable to power and frequency oscillations. Their quick response can introduce faster electrical dynamics in the system which should be monitored from time to time. To ease the analysis process, this study proposes a simplified method for finding LFO in the microgrid. Inspired from the small-signal automatic generation control model of the conventional grid, a transfer function based closed-loop small-signal model of inverter-based islanded microgrid is presented in this study to study power-sharing among the various inverters. The proposed model uses the concept of dynamic power flow through the network to find the power output of each source following load perturbations in a system. Time domain simulation results and eigenvalue analysis is provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed small-signal model. By comparing the results obtained with actual system simulation in MATLAB/Simulink, it is found that the proposed simplified model is able to predict the stability margin and the LFO of the system without using actual detailed state-space modelling procedure. © 2020 The Institution of Engineering and Technology.