Department of Electrical Engineering

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IIT Jodhpur

Metal oxide semiconductors-based gas sensors have been extensively explored due to their high sensing response, cost-effectivity, long-term stability, and simple fabrication. However, their utilization at low operating temperature is still challenging. Thus, reduction in power consumption is highly essential for long-term usage of gas sensors. ZnO nanostructures-based gas sensors are one of the most eligible candidates where a real-time detection of explosive and toxic gases is needed. On this subject, numerous efforts have been made to improve the sensing response at reduced working temperature with the assistance of various methods. In this report, several techniques related to the synthesis of ZnO nanostructures and their efficient performance in sensing are reviewed. The report primarily focuses on different means of improving the sensing properties, such as functionalization of noble metal nanoparticles, doping of metals, inclusion of carbonaceous nanomaterials, using nanocomposites of different MOx, UV activation, and post-treatment method of high-energy irradiation on ZnO nanostructures, with their possible sensing mechanisms. This study will therefore shed light on future proposals of ZnO-based gas sensors showing high sensitivity even at low operating temperature. © 2019 The Authors

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Energy Reports

Enhanced sensing performance of ZnO nanostructures-based gas sensors: A review

The aim of this study was to investigate whether parameters from an instrumented one-leg stance (OLS) on a force plate could provide relevant information related to fall risk in older people. Forty-two community dwelling older people including 17 fallers and 25 nonfallers, and 25 young subjects performed a OLS while standing on a force plate, with parameters related to transferring weight onto one leg and postural sway in singe-leg stance evaluated. No differences were observed between older fallers and nonfallers and the younger participants for any of the weight transfer parameters. The younger participants were able to reduce their postural sway during the OLS test after the first 0-2 s period, unlike older participants who swayed the same amount throughout the test. The older fallers swayed significantly more than both nonfallers and younger participants throughout the 10-s of OLS evaluated. When the tests were used to classify older participants as fallers, the instrumented OLS achieved 100% accuracy, compared to 69.0% classification accuracy for the five times sit-to-stand test, 61.9% for the standard OLS, and 47.6% for the timed-up-and-go test. These findings suggest that the standard OLS test might not be suitable to detect fall risk. In contrast, an instrumented version of the OLS could provide valuable additional information that could identify older fallers. Future work will include a prospective study of the instrumented OLS in a larger population of older people. © 2020 BMJ Publishing Group. All rights reserved.

Department of Mathematics

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering

A Pilot Study to Detect Balance Impairment in Older Adults Using an Instrumented One-Leg Stance Test

The Sit-to-Stand (STS) is a widely used test of physical function to screen older people at risk of falls and frailty and is also one of the most important components of standard screening for sarcopenia. There have been many recent studies in which instrumented versions of the STS (iSTS) have been developed to provide additional parameters that could improve the accuracy of the STS test. This systematic review aimed to identify whether an iSTS is a viable alternative to a standard STS to identify older people at risk of falling, frailty, and sarcopenia. A total of 856 articles were found using the search strategy developed, with 12 articles retained in the review after screening based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Six studies evaluated the iSTS in fallers, five studies in frailty and only one study in both fallers and frailty. The results showed that power and velocity parameters extracted from an iSTS have the potential to improve the accuracy of screening when compared to a standard STS. Future work should focus on standardizing the segmentation of the STS into phases to enable comparison between studies and to develop devices integrated into the chair used for the test to improve usability. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Bioengineering

Instrumented analysis of the sit-to-stand movement for geriatric screening: A systematic review

The sit-to-stand test (STS) is a simple test of function in older people that can identify people at risk of falls. The aim of this study was to develop two novel methods of evaluating performance in the STS using a low-cost RGB camera and another an instrumented chair containing load cells in the seat of the chair to detect center of pressure movements and ground reaction forces. The two systems were compared to a Kinect and a force plate. Twenty-one younger subjects were tested when performing two 5STS movements at self-selected slow and normal speeds while 16 older fallers were tested when performing one 5STS at a self-selected pace. All methods had acceptable limits of agreement with an expert for total STS time for younger subjects and older fallers, with smaller errors observed for the chair (-0.18 ± 0.17 s) and force plate (-0.19 ± 0.79 s) than for the RGB camera (-0.30 ± 0.51 s) and the Kinect (-0.38 ± 0.50 s) for older fallers. The chair had the smallest limits of agreement compared to the expert for both younger and older participants. The new device was also able to estimate movement velocity, which could be used to estimate muscle power during the STS movement. Subsequent studies will test the device against opto-electronic systems, incorporate additional sensors, and then develop predictive equations for measures of physical function. © 2001-2011 IEEE.

IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering

A Comparison of Four Approaches to Evaluate the Sit-to-Stand Movement

The presence of fluctuations in the power and ground supply rails affect the quality of various performance metrics (gain, phase, impedance, transient response, etc.) of any analog and mixed-signal system. In this paper, a generalised indefinite admittance matrix (GIAM) method is proposed to formulate these metrics for active circuits. The proposed analysis includes the impact of deterministic supply noise on performance parameters. For the purpose of analysis, a common source amplifier, designed in a standard CMOS 180 nm technology, is analysed. The maximum mean percentage error between analytical results and Cadence® Virtuoso® tool simulations for the amplifier is less than 4 % for all the cases. © 2020 IEEE.

SPI 2020 - 24th IEEE Workshop On Signal and Power Integrity, Proceedings

A Generalised Approach for Analysing the Impact of Supply Noise in MOS Amplifiers

Different diseases are caused due to the consumption of contaminated water. It is of utmost importance that monitors the quality of water used for domestic purpose. This paper presents an IoT based warning system that regularly monitors the quality based on the parameters like pH, turbidity, and conductivity. A tank was devised to integrate the sensors and connected to the main source of water supply for buildings. The real time measurements of these parameters could be viewed on a mobile application along with a user-friendly warning indications. Testing was done with water samples that have been procured from various sources and the accuracy of the system was validated with lab tests. The main advantage of this system is that it incorporates low cost platforms and cloud storage that remains portable, easy for maintenance, good accuracy, and incorporated near to consumer.. © 2020 IEEE.

Proceedings - International Conference on Smart Electronics and Communication, ICOSEC 2020

Real Time Water Contamination Monitor using Cloud, IoT and Embedded Platforms

In this paper, we consider a two-tier downlink scenario, where femtocell users are interested in receiving both macrocell and femtocell information simultaneously at a single frequency (joint two-tier downlink reception). Unlike in conventional handsets, which use orthogonal schemes for accommodating two-tier downlink reception, we propose two non-orthogonal schemes based on precoding-aided spatial modulation (PSM) for handling cross-tier downlink interference. In both the proposed schemes, the femtocell information is conveyed as an active antenna index at the user (spatial symbol), while the macrocell information is conveyed as a phase shift keyed (PSK) symbol on the activated antenna. Appropriate precoders are designed at femtocell base station (FBS) and macrocell base station (MBS) to manage the cross-tier interference. We derive average transmit powers at the MBS and all FBSs for both the schemes. We also optimize the transmit powers of both the schemes at a given target signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Further, we exploit the existing cross-tier interference as a source of artificial interference for enhancing the physical layer security of femtocell users. We derive secrecy rates of the proposed schemes, and corroborate the analytical expressions derived throughout the paper with simulation results. © 2002-2012 IEEE.

IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications

Precoding-Aided Spatial Modulation Assisted Joint Two-Tier Downlink Reception

Nonlinearities in the semiconductor ring laser (SRL) are incorporated in the analysis of directed optical logic gates and their effects on the output are studied. The paper discusses the effects of gain medium linewidth, internal quantum efficiency and self and cross gain saturation on the output of directed optical NOT gate implemented using SRLs. © 2020 IEEE.

Proceedings of the International Conference on Numerical Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices, NUSOD

Effect of Nonlinearities on Directed Optical Logic Gates Using Integrated Semiconductor Ring Lasers

An integrated semiconductor ring laser gyroscope is dithered by operating in the period-one (P1) oscillation regime through injection locking by an external laser source. The dithering range can be tuned by varying the detuning frequency between the gyro and external laser source. © 2020 IEEE.

2020 IEEE Photonics Conference, IPC 2020 - Proceedings

Dithering of Semiconductor Ring Laser Gyro Using Period-One Oscillations

In this article, Stockwell transform (ST) is used to analyze the stator current signals for diagnosis of various motor conditions such as healthy, stator winding interturn shorts, and phase to ground faults. ST decomposes the current signals into complex ST matrix whose magnitude has been utilized for the fault detection. The nature of the fault, that is, ground or interturn is identified using the zero sequence currents followed by postfault detection. Two separate frequency bands are defined to extract the features which are fed to two different support vector machine (SVM) models for faulty phase detection for both types of faults. Under both cases, a heuristic feature selection approach is utilized to find the optimal features for classification purposes. Average classification accuracy of 96% has been achieved for both types of faults. © 1963-2012 IEEE.