Department of Electrical Engineering

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IIT Jodhpur

This paper reports the use of hot-wire chemical vapour deposited (HWCVD) Silicon nitride as a passivation layer for Organic Field Effect Transistors (OFETs). Firstly, the degradation study of the OFETs is done with time. A thin (10-20 nm) layer of silicon nitride is deposited on the OFETs, at a low temperature (< 90 °C) by HWCVD process, to passivate them from the ambient. Our results show that this technique is very effective in improving the stability of the organic semiconductors (Poly-3-hexyl thiophene (P3HT) is used as a test case in this study). This HWCVD deposited nitride can also be used as a gate dielectric material for the study of OFETs because of its higher dielectric constant and significantly less hydrogen content. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Thin Solid Films

Organic FETs with HWCVD silicon nitride as a passivation layer and gate dielectric

Gradient Adjusted Predictor (GAP), used in CALIC, consists of seven slope bins and one predictor each is associated with these bins. As the relationship between the predicted pixels and their contexts are complex, these predictors may not be appropriate for prediction of the pixels belonging to the respective slope bins. In this work, we present the Least-Squares (LS) based approach to find optimal predictors for pixels belonging to various slope bins of GAP. Our simulation results show that the proposed method results in similar performance as that of Edge Directed Prediction (EDP) and Run-length and Adaptive Linear Predictive (RALP) coding. EDP and RALP use symmetrical encoder and decoder structure. On the other hand, we propose an unsymmetrical codec that has higher encoding complexity but decoder is very fast - as fast as a decoder based on GAP principle. However, our encoder is computationally much simpler than an EDP and RALP based encoders. © 2008 IEEE.

2008 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, ICME 2008 - Proceedings

Least Squares based optimal switched predictors for lossless compression of images

Over the past few years, various devices and techniques have been developed for electronic fetal monitoring (EFM), which is performed during pregnancy or continuously during labor to ensure normal delivery of a healthy baby. We reviewed and analyzed the performance of currently used EFM techniques with the goal of determining a noninvasive, cost-effective alternative for use in the home environment. This review includes research papers, publications, web sources, product manuals, interviews, formal discussions, and other available literature with the goal of providing a comprehensive comparative analysis of all available EFM techniques. We relate some of the insights gained from reviewing a large number of resources. © 2008 by Begell House, Inc.

Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering

A review and comparative analysis of recent advancements in fetal monitoring techniques

Organic field effect transistors based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) and CuII tetraphenylporphyrin composite were investigated as sensors for detection of vapors of nitrobased explosive compounds, viz., 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), and dinitrobenzene, which are also strong oxidizing agents. Significant changes, suitable for sensor response, were observed in transistor "on" current (Ion) and conductance (S) after exposure. A similar device response was, however, not observed for oxidizing agents such as benzoquinone and benzophenone. The Fourier transform infrared spectrometry experiments supported the results, where exposure to RDX and TNT vapors resulted in a significant shift in IR peaks. © 2008 American Institute of Physics.

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Applied Physics Letters

Explosive vapor sensor using poly (3-hexylthiophene) and CuII tetraphenylporphyrin composite based organic field effect transistors

Here reports a CMOS-compatible field-effect based silicon nanowire whole-cell bacterial biosensor to detect neutral species. Effects of cell and analyte concentra-tions are studied. A chemical method to immobilize cell specifically, preserving bac-teria's sensing activity and the detection functional groups on nanowire's surface is demonstrated and corresponding sensing performance is reported. © 2008 CBMS.

12th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences - The Proceedings of MicroTAS 2008 Conference

Field-effect based silicon nanowire whole-cell bacterial biosensors for neutral species detection

The paper elaborates the silicon nanowire (SiNW) arrays fabrication using standard CMOS compatible technologies (top-down) with each array consisting of 100 wires, which are individually electrically measurable for their conductance and facilitating statistical analysis. To facilitate real-time analysis, the arrays are integrated with micro-fluidics for the delivery of various chemicals for surface modification, buffer solutions, bio-molecules/analytes, etc. The silicon nanowires are also presented as nano-temperature sensors in two configurations, i.e. as resistance temperature detector (RTD) and diode temperature detector (DTD) types. RTD type sensors have shown temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) values ∼7500 ppm/K which are enhanced beyond 10,000 ppm/K by the application of back-bias. DTD type sensors using nanowires have recorded more than one order variation in reverse-bias current, in the temperature range of 293-373 K. Both the types of nano-temperature sensors are highly sensitive and can be integrated with other bio-chemical sensors in lab-on-chip devices. Nanowire array fabrication details in particular as nano-temperature sensor are elaborated here along with their characterization. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Sensors and Actuators, A: Physical

Silicon nanowire sensor array using top-down CMOS technology

This paper reports the electrical detection of calcium ions by using silicon nanowires (SiNWs) as channels in a chemically gated field-effect-transistor (FET) configuration. To obtain a selective and sensitive layer for calcium sensing, the SiNWs are modified with a biologically relevant amino acid phosphotyrosine (p-Tyr), which is able to complex calcium ions with high affinity. It is found that when the p-Tyr modified SiNWs are exposed to aqueous solutions containing calcium ions, their conductances increase with the increasing of calcium concentration up to 10 μM. In contrast, when the SiNWs are exposed to sodium or potassium, or when they are modified with tyrosine (Tyr), no significant increase in the conductance is observed. This finding suggests that the calcium ions complexed with the phosphate group of p-Tyr can act as a positive gate voltage on the FET device comprising of n-type SiNWs, and leads to an increase in their conductances. The FET device is also sensitive to magnesium ions. However, the response is 10 times lower than that of calcium at the same concentration. The study reported here may pave the way for designing an intracellular calcium sensor which permits the monitoring of calcium concentration in real time. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Biosensors and Bioelectronics

Development of electrochemical calcium sensors by using silicon nanowires modified with phosphotyrosine

This paper deals with the application of wavelet transform for the detection of busbar faults and providing backup for external faults. In the event of internal faults the transient behavior of feeder and zone-2 currents is opposite to that of zone-1 source current. In the event of feeder or zone-2 faults, the corresponding currents exhibit similar transient behavior as that of source current. The transients of these current signals are analyzed using wavelet based multi resolution analysis to obtain detailed coefficients over a narrow moving window. The fault indexes of each current signal, defined based on these detailed coefficients, are utilized to detect the internal faults as well as external faults. The scheme is tested for different types of internal and external faults with various incidence angles and fault impedance. The proposed scheme discriminates internal faults from external faults even in the presence of current transformer saturation.

IEEE Region 10 Annual International Conference, Proceedings/TENCON

A transient current based bus zone protection scheme using wavelet transform

In this paper the concept of sliding mode is introduced in the design of functional observers. Conditions for the existence of the observer are given. How to design the observer parameters are also shown. Under special circumstances the sliding mode functional observer proposed in this paper reduces to the Utkin state observer. © 2008 IEEE.

2008 10th International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision, ICARCV 2008

Sliding mode functional observers

Liquid sloshing has been an important problem in several areas including launch vehicle. This paper presents a novel way of designing the sliding surface to deal with unmatched uncertainties in system matrix and input matrix. And yet tailor desired dynamic performance for a slosh problem. A simple pendulum model has been considered to represent the lateral slosh. Partial feedback lineraization has been used. Nonlinearities of partially linearized systems have been considered as uncertainties. Sliding surface was designed to fulfill stability and desired performance requirements. Controller designed using power rate reaching law guarantees finite time reaching. Simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed controller. ©2008 IEEE.