Department of Electrical Engineering

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IIT Jodhpur

A contrast enhancement technique using scaling of internal noise of a dark image in discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain has been proposed in this paper. The mechanism of enhancement is attributed to noise-induced transition of DCT coefficients from a poor state to an enhanced state. This transition is effected by the internal noise present due to lack of sufficient illumination and can be modeled by a general bistable system exhibiting dynamic stochastic resonance. The proposed technique adopts a local adaptive processing and significantly enhances the image contrast and color information while ascertaining good perceptual quality. When compared with the existing enhancement techniques such as adaptive histogram equalization, gamma correction, single-scale retinex, multi-scale retinex, modified high-pass filtering, multi-contrast enhancement, multi-contrast enhancement with dynamic range compression, color enhancement by scaling, edge-preserving multi-scale decomposition and automatic controls of popular imaging tool, the proposed technique gives remarkable performance in terms of relative contrast enhancement, colorfulness and visual quality of enhanced image. © 2012 IEEE.

World University root node

Internal noise-induced contrast enhancement of dark images

A dynamic stochastic resonance (DSR)-based technique in discrete wavelet transform (DWT) domain for noise suppression in digital images has been proposed in this paper. The initial results on investigation of this concept for denoising of images corrupted by gaussian noise have been presented. Though traditionally noise is considered as undesirable, it has been utilized in the proposed technique to reduce its own effect. In the iterative DSR step, an input noisy image is subjected to independent noise of different standard deviations that iteratively tunes the detail wavelet coefficients, such that the overall effect is the suppression of the degradation due to its own noise. The results are quantified in terms of Noise Mean Value (NMV), Noise Standard Deviation (NSD), and Mean Square Difference (MSD). When compared with the conventional techniques for gaussian denoising, such as gaussian low pass filtering, and soft thresholding of wavelet coefficients, the DSR-based technique is found to give marginally better noise reduction in most of the cases. © 2012 IEEE.

Image denoising using dynamic stochastic resonance in wavelet domain

This paper proposes a new algorithm for achieving discrete-time sliding mode for linear multivariable nominal systems using output feedback. The concept of periodic output feedback is used here. It has been shown that, when the output of the system is sampled slower than the input, there exist a discrete-time sliding mode. The method is very general and is applicable to any controllable and observable linear time invariant square system. The magnetic tape position control application is presented to illustrate the proposed method. © 2012 IEEE.

2012 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, ICIT 2012, Proceedings

Periodic output feedback based discrete-time sliding mode control for multivariable systems

This paper proposes an arbitrary higher order sliding mode controller for uncertain minimum phase nonlinear systems. The stability proof of the suggested scheme is analyzed in terms of two Lyapunov functions. Using these two Lyapunov functions it is proved that, output and its higher order derivatives converge to origin in finite time. Simulation results prove the efficiency of the proposed method. © 2012 IEEE.

Proceedings of IEEE International Workshop on Variable Structure Systems

Arbitrary higher order sliding mode control based on control Lyapunov approach

This work discusses development of a model based on Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) for evaluation of fetal health status using phonocardiography. The model integrates adaptable fuzzy inputs with a modular neural network to deal with the imprecision and uncertainty in the interpretation of the FHR data from phonocardiographic signals. A zero-order Takagi-Sugeno model is chosen for designing ANFIS architecture. The diagnostic parameters e.g., Baseline FHR, Baseline Variability, Acceleration and Deceleration of the FHR are derived from the fPCG signals for training and testing of the model. The elicited fuzzy rules derived from clinical guidelines and other resources are implemented into the ANFIS expert model. The performance of the ANFIS model is evaluated in terms of sensitivity and overall accuracy. The results have indicated that the ANFIS can be implemented effectively and provides high accuracy for antepartum antenatal care through phonocardiography. Copyright © 2012 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology

Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System for antepartum antenatal care using phonocardiography

Foetal phonocardiography (fPCG) is a non-invasive, cost-effective and simple technique for antenatal care. The fPCG signals contain vital information of diagnostic importance regarding the foetal health. However, the fPCG signal is usually contaminated by various noises and thus requires robust signal processing to denoise the signal. The main aim of this paper is to develop a methodology for removal of unwanted noise from the fPCG signal. The proposed methodology utilizes the non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithm. The developed methodology is tested on both simulated and real-time fPCG signals. The performance of the developed methodology has been evaluated in terms of the gain in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) achieved through the process of denoising. In particular, using the NMF algorithm, a substantial improvement in SNR of the fPCG signals in the range of 12-30 dB has been achieved, providing a high quality assessment of foetal well-being. © 2012 Informa UK, Ltd.

Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology

Foetal phonocardiographic signal denoising based on non-negative matrix factorization

In this paper, we propose a new adaptive image interpolation algorithm for enhancement of natural images. The proposed method uses different algorithms namely SAI, SPIA and Context-Based Image Interpolation Algorithm (CBIA) techniques, for both edgy and smooth type of images. The detailed part of smooth type image is interpolated by SAI, while we propose to use SPIA method for detailed part of edgy image. The rest of the pixels for either type of images are interpolated by CBIA. From the simulation results, we found that our adaptive interpolation technique results in better subjective and objective (PSNR) quality in comparision to some of the recent works in literature. © 2012 IEEE.

2012 19th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits, and Systems, ICECS 2012

A switching based adaptive image interpolation algorithm

Perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimides (PDI) have been linked to norbornene through either an imide or a "bay" position. These PDI-functionalised norbornenes are readily polymerised using a ruthenium ring-opening metathesis polymerisation (ROMP) initiator. In one case the polymerisation is shown to be well controlled with a linear dependence of molecular weight on the monomer/initiator ratio. For the polymers with PDI-norbornene linkages through the imide nitrogen, UV-vis spectroscopy suggests significant PDI aggregation both in dilute solution and the solid state, a powder X-ray diffraction peak attributable to π-stacking is seen, and weak n-channel field-effect transistor behavior (electron mobilities <5 × 10-5 cm2 V-1 s-1) was observed. In contrast, the "bay"-linked polymer shows essentially monomer-like UV-vis spectra in both solution and the solid state, no X-ray evidence for π-stacking, and no measurable transistor behaviour. The polymers were used as acceptors in bulk heterojunction solar cells in combination with poly(3-hexylthiophene): low power conversion efficiencies (≤0.38%) were obtained, largely due to low short-circuit currents, again with the "bay"-linked polymer giving the poorest performance. © 2012 The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Polymer Chemistry

Polynorbornenes with pendant perylene diimides for organic electronic applications

We report on high-mobility top-gate organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and complementary-like inverters fabricated with a solution-processed molecular bis(naphthalene diimide)-dithienopyrrole derivative as the channel semiconductor and a CYTOP/Al2O3 bilayer as the gate dielectric. The OFETs showed ambipolar behavior with average electron and hole mobility values of 1.2 and 0.01 cm2 V-1 s-1, respectively. Complementary-like inverters fabricated with two ambipolar OFETs showed hysteresis-free voltage transfer characteristics with negligible variations of switching threshold voltages and yielded very high DC gain values of more than 90 V/V (up to 122 V/V) at a supply voltage of 25 V. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Organic Electronics

Complementary-like inverters based on an ambipolar solution-processed molecular bis(naphthalene diimide)-dithienopyrrole derivative

In this paper, we are proposing a simple lossless prediction based coding method for videos. Our algorithm works on 3 modes of operations and selection of the mode is done on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Selection of the mode is based on intensity variation of pixels in temporal direction. If there is a large intensity value variation, intraframe prediction mode is chosen. Otherwise interframe prediction mode is activated. Intraframe prediction uses Gradient Adaptive Predictor [5] whereas Interframe prediction switches between two algorithms. In interframe case, one prediction mode takes care of local characteristics of pixels of current and motion compensated frames while the other incorporates global characteristics. The proposed method is computationally very simple and results into better performance as compared to competitive but complex methods reported in literature. © 2012 IEEE.