Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering

&ldquo;IIT Jodhpur is committed to impart quality education to facilitate the creation of qualified, competent and responsible human resources to meet the emerging technological challenges of the world. It is working towards creating an equitable learning platform that is positive, accessible and effective in the face of the modern societal and scientific advancements.

Flexibility in curriculum, in all its academic programs, encompassing elements of teaching, research, creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship is the most unique feature of IIT Jodhpur. The Department of Science and Technology (DST), under the National Mission on Cyber Physical Systems, has identified IIT Jodhpur as a Technology &amp; Innovation Hub in the area of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality. The institute has also been nominated as the coordinator for the Jodhpur City and Knowledge Cluster by the Office of Principal Scientific Adviser, Government of India.

The sprawling 852-acre IIT Jodhpur campus is a majestic tribute to the deep-rooted diverse cultural heritage of the region. The campus is an architectural masterpiece, which is slated to become an international exemplar of sustainability with net-zero energy, and advanced water and waste management strategies.&rdquo;

IIT Jodhpur

We establish that weak impulses can be effectively used to detect and image buried objects in disordered granular beds. The image carries information about the approximate shape of the surface of the buried object and its approximate location. Impulse backscattering can serve as a powerful tool to detect and to image the identity of buried metallic and non-metallic objects. © 2001 SPIE · 0277-786X/01/$15.00.

World University root node

Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering

Impulse backscattering based detection and imaging of buried objects in granular beds

The propagation of an impulse through a finite chain of monodisperse elastic beads was studied. The grain diameters progressively shrink in radius by a factor 'q' in a finite chain of elastic beads. The spatial symmetry of the solitary wave was destroyed due to the progressively shrink in radius. It was observed that the trailing part of the wave travelled progressively slower as comparative to the leading edge. It was shown that the shock waves can be thermalized by the construction of tapered chains.

Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications

Thermalizing an impulse

We consider a chain of elastic beads subjected to vanishingly weak loading conditions, i.e., the beads are barely in contact. The grains repel upon contact via the Hertz-type potential, (Formula presented) (Formula presented) where (Formula presented) δ being the grain–grain overlap. Our dynamical simulations build on several earlier studies by Nesterenko, Coste, and Sen and co-workers that have shown that an impulse propagates as a solitary wave of fixed spatial extent (dependent only upon n) through a chain of Hertzian beads and demonstrate, to our knowledge for the first time, that colliding solitary waves in the chain spawn a well-defined hierarchy of multiple secondary solitary waves, which is ∼ 0.5% of the energy of the original solitary waves. Our findings have interesting parallels with earlier observations by Rosenau and colleagues [P. Rosenau and J. M. Hyman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 564 (1993); P. Rosenau, ibid. 73, 1737 (1994); Phys. Lett. A 211, 265 (1996)] regarding colliding compactons. To the best of our knowledge, there is no formal theory that describes the dynamics associated with the formation of secondary solitary waves. Calculations suggest that the formation of secondary solitary waves may be a fundamental property of certain discrete systems. © 2000 The American Physical Society.

Physical Review E - Statistical Physics, Plasmas, Fluids, and Related Interdisciplinary Topics

Crossing of identical solitary waves in a chain of elastic beads

We determined the somatotopy of the face and the oral cavity representation in cortical area 3b of New World owl monkeys and squirrel monkeys. Area 3b is apparent as a densely myelinated strip in brain sections cut parallel to the surface of flattened cortex. A narrow myelin-light septum that we have termed the "hand-face septum" separates the hand representation from the more lateral face and mouth representation. The face and oral cavity representation is further divided into a series of myelin-dense ovals. We show that three ovals adjacent to the hand representation correspond to the upper face, upper lip, and chin plus lower lip, whereas three or four more rostral ovals successively represent the contralateral teeth, tongue, and the ipsilateral teeth and tongue. Strips of cortex lateral and medial to the area 3b ovals, possibly corresponding to area 1 and area 3a, respectively, have similar somatotopic sequences. Although previous results suggest the existence of great variability within and across primate species, we conclude that the representations of the face and mouth are highly similar across individuals of the same species, and there are extensive overall similarities across these two species of New World monkeys. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Journal of Comparative Neurology

Anatomic correlates of the face and oral cavity representations in the somatosensory cortical area 3b of monkeys

We present a brief review of the problem of acoustic propagation in granular media and discuss recent progress on nonlinear acoustics in granular media. The presentation emphasizes the solitary wave like properties of impulse propagation in granular media at vanishingly small loading conditions and discusses the possible spectroscopic applications of nonlinear impulse acoustics in the detection of buried inclusions.

Granular Matter

Nonlinear acoustics in granular assemblies

Progress in Brain Research

Long-term chronic multichannel recordings from sensorimotor cortex and thalamus of primates

An overview is given on an exact solution that can be generated using a hybrid technique that exploits numerical analysis and an analytic form to describe the solitary waves. It is shown that the solution may be interpreted as a solution for the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam (FPU) problem in an appropriate asymptotic limit.

Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics

Solitary wave dynamics in generalized Hertz chains: An improved solution of the equation of motion

Somatotopic maps in the cortex and the thalamus of adult monkeys and humans reorganize in response to altered inputs. After loss of the sensory afferents from the forelimb in monkeys because of transection of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord, therapeutic amputation of an arm or transection of the dorsal roots of the peripheral nerves, the deprived portions of the hand and arm representations in primary somatosensory cortex (area 3b), become responsive to inputs from the face and any remaining afferents from the arm. Cortical and subcortical mechanisms that underlie this reorganization are uncertain and appear to be manifold. Here we show that the face afferents from the trigeminal nucleus of the brainstem sprout and grow into the cuneate nucleus in adult monkeys after lesions of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord or therapeutic amputation of an arm. This growth may underlie the large-scale expansion of the face representation into the hand region of somatosensory cortex that follows such deafferentations.

Fulltext

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Growth of new brainstem connections in adult monkeys with massive sensory loss

PURPOSE. To better understand the course of cortical maturation during early development, the phenomenon of binocular cross-orientation suppression in neurons of the primary visual cortex (V1) in young infant monkeys was investigated. METHODS. Extracellular single-unit recordings were made in anesthetized and paralyzed monkeys ranging in age between 6 days and 8 weeks. Orthogonally oriented, dichoptic sine-wave gratings were used as visual stimuli. RESULTS. V1 neurons in young infant monkeys showed a higher prevalence and greater magnitude of binocular cross-orientation suppression than in adult monkeys. Binocular suppression decreased and reached an adult level between 4 and 8 weeks of age, the presumed onset-age for stereopsis in monkeys. CONCLUSIONS. During the first 4 weeks of life, the functional connections that are necessary for initiating binocular cross-orientation suppression exist in the monkey primary visual cortex. This finding is consistent with the view that before the abrupt onset of stereopsis, human infants may detect the differences between interocularly iso-oriented gratings and orthogonal gratings.

Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science

Binocular cross-orientation suppression in the primary visual cortex (V1) of infant rhesus monkeys

The distribution of the well-labeled nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPHd) Type I neurons was evaluated in the isocortex of four mammalian species: the Didelphis opossum, the Monodelphis opossum, the rat and the marmoset. In Didelphis opossum, laminar distribution was examined in tangential and non-tangential sections. The density increases from superficial to deep layers of the gray matter. In rats' tangential sections, infragranular and supragranular layers have higher density than layer IV. Cell density measurements in the visual and the somatosensory cortices were compared in tangential sections from flattened hemispheres of the four species. Somatosensory areas were identified histochemically in rat (barrel fields) and marmoset (S1 and S2/PV). In the opossums, areas S1 and S2/PV were identified by multiunit recording. Except in the rat, primary visual cortex (V1) was labeled histochemically by NADPHd and/or cytochrome oxidase. In the four species, cell density in somatosensory cortex was significantly higher than in visual cortex. Taken together these results demonstrate that NADPHd Type I neurons are not homogeneously distributed in the isocortex of these mammals. In conclusion, the tangential distribution of Type I neurons in the sensory areas examined, but not its laminar distribution, was similar in the four species. Given that rats, marmosets and opossums are distantly related species, and that the latter are considered to have more 'generalized' brains, it is conceivable that this pattern of tangential distribution of Type I neurons is a general feature of mammalian isocortex. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.