Department of Physics

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IIT Jodhpur

Using scattering matrix formalism, we report the formation of a special hidden singular line connecting multiple second-order hidden singular points, in a non-uniformly pumped degenerate optical microcavity. Such singularities are known as exceptional points (EPs), and the line is proposed as an exceptional line. Exploring the unconventional behavior of cavity resonances created by a spatially imbalanced gain-loss profile, we have established the adiabatic state-flipping mechanism of coupled resonances encountering such EPs. Various interesting encircling situations, incorporating smooth as well as fluctuating variations of the control parameters, have been analyzed. We exploit the above scheme for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, to analyze the optical performance and stability of the cascaded flip-of-state phenomenon assisted by successive encirclement of either single or multiple singularities following the exceptional line in the context of optical mode converters. © 2017 Optical Society of America.

World University root node

Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical Physics

Connected hidden singularities and toward successive state flipping in degenerate optical microcavities

In this paper, studies on broadband microwave absorption and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness are reported in flexible rubber composites with low filler content of nanosize conducting carbon over 8–18 GHz frequency range of electromagnetic spectrum. Rubber based composites are prepared by loading of 1–15 wt% nanosize conducting Carbon Black (CB) in silicone rubber matrix. Effect of percentage loading of nanosize CB on DC conductivity, dielectric & microwave absorption properties and electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness (SE) of silicone rubber composites is studied. The percolation threshold is achieved at low concentration (3wt%) of CB in composites. The observed complex permittivity values revealed that composites with concentration of 5wt% CB can provide more than 90% microwave absorption (Reflection Loss > −10 dB) over 8–18 GHz at composite thickness of 1.9–2.7mm. Further, composites with concentration of 15wt% of CB shows −40 dB SE over the broad frequency range 8–18 GHz at thickness 2.8mm. The effect of composite thickness on microwave absorption properties and shielding effectiveness is also analyzed. Thus, the prepared rubber composites with suitable concentration of nanosize CB as filler may be used as microwave absorber in stealth applications as well as for EMI shielding of electronic equipments in various civilian and military areas. © 2017, Electromagnetics Academy. All rights reserved.

Progress In Electromagnetics Research M

Tuning of microwave absorption properties and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness of nanosize conducting black-silicone rubber composites over 8–18 GHz

We observed ultrafast hole transfer from monolayer MoS2 to a conjugated polymer using pump-probe measurements. We show that plasmonic metasurfaces lead to enhanced absorption in in the heterojunction, with a 90-nm absorption bandwidth increase. © 2017 OSA.

Optics InfoBase Conference Papers

Charge transfer and enhanced absorption in MoS2 - organic heterojunctions using plasmonic metasurfaces

We present a study of the terahertz-frequency magnetoelectric effect in ferrimagnetic pyroelectric CaBaCo4O7 and its Ni-doped variants. The terahertz absorption spectrum of these materials consists of spin excitations and low-frequency infrared-active phonons. We studied the magnetic-field-induced changes in the terahertz refractive index and absorption in magnetic fields up to 17 T. We find that the magnetic field modulates the strength of infrared-active optical phonons near 1.2 and 1.6 THz. We use the Lorentz model of the dielectric function to analyze the measured magnetic-field dependence of the refractive index and absorption. We propose that most of the magnetoelectric effect is contributed by the optical phonons near 1.6 THz and higher frequency resonances. Our experimental results can be used to construct and validate more detailed theoretical descriptions of magnetoelectricity in CaBaCo4-xNixO7. © 2017 American Physical Society.

Fulltext

Physical Review B

Terahertz-frequency magnetoelectric effect in Ni-doped CaBaCo4 O7

We present a general approach to thin bulk samples to transparency for experiments in the soft x-ray and extreme ultraviolet spectral range. The method relies on mechanical grinding followed by focused-ion-beam milling. It results in a uniformly thin area of high surface quality, suitable for nanoscale imaging in transmission. In a proof-of-principle experiment, nanoscale magnetic bits on a commercial hard drive glass disk are imaged with a spatial resolution below 30 nm by soft x-ray spectro-holography. Furthermore, we demonstrate imaging of a lithographically patterned test object via absorption contrast. Our approach is suitable for both amorphous and crystalline substrates and has been tested for a variety of common epitaxy growth substrates. Lateral thinning areas in excess of 100 μm2 and a remaining substrate thickness as thin as 150 nm are easily achievable. Our approach allows preserving a previously grown thin film, and from nanofocus electron diffraction, we find no evidence for morphological changes induced by the process, in agreement with numerical simulations of the ion implantation depth distributon. We expect our method to be widely applicable and especially useful for nanoscale imaging of epitaxial thin films. © 2017 Author(s).

Review of Scientific Instruments

A general approach to obtain soft x-ray transparency for thin films grown on bulk substrates

Based on a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy study, we present a direct visualization of a cycloaddition reaction performed for some specific fluorinated maleimide molecules deposited on graphene. Up to now, it was widely admitted that such a cycloaddition reaction can not happen without pre-existing defects. However, our study shows that the cycloaddition reaction can be carried out on a defect-free basal graphene plane at room temperature. In the course of covalently grafting the molecules to graphene, the sp2 conjugation of carbon atoms was broken, and local sp3 bonds were created. The grafted molecules perturbed the graphene lattice, generating a standing-wave pattern with an anisotropy which was attributed to a (1,2) cycloaddition, as revealed by T-matrix approximation calculations. DFT calculations showed that while both (1,4) and (1,2) cycloadditions were possible on free-standing graphene, only the (1,2) cycloaddition could be obtained for graphene on SiC(0001). Globally averaging spectroscopic techniques, XPS and ARPES, were used to determine the modification in the elemental composition of the samples induced by the reaction, indicating an opening of an electronic gap in graphene. © 2016 American Chemical Society.

ACS nano

Covalent functionalization by cycloaddition reactions of pristine defect-free graphene

We report the results of atomistic molecular dynamics simulations informed by quantum-mechanically parametrized force fields, which identify the mechanisms underlying ion motion and diffusivities in poly(1-butyl-3-vinylimidazolium-hexafluorophosphate) polymerized ionic liquid (polyIL) electrolytes. Our results demonstrate that anion transport in polyILs occurs through a mechanism involving intra- and intermolecular ion hopping through formation and breaking of ion-associations involving four polymerized cationic monomers bonded to two different polymer chains. The resulting ion mobilities are directly correlated to the average lifetimes of the ion-associations. Such a trend is demonstrated to contrast with the behavior in pure ILs, wherein structural relaxations and the associated times are dominant mechanism. Our results establish the basis for experimental findings that reported ion transport in polyILs to be decoupled from polymer segmental relaxations. © 2017 American Chemical Society.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

Mechanisms Underlying Ion Transport in Polymerized Ionic Liquids

We report the results of atomistic molecular dynamics simulations on polymerized 1-butyl-3-vinylimidazolium-hexafluorophosphate ionic liquids, studying the influence of the polymer molecular weight on the ion mobilities and the mechanisms underlying ion transport, including ion-association dynamics, ion hopping, and ion-polymer coordinations. With an increase in polymer molecular weight, the diffusivity of the hexafluorophosphate (PF6-) counterion decreases and plateaus above seven repeat units. The diffusivity is seen to correlate well with the ion-association structural relaxation time for pure ionic liquids, but becomes more correlated with ion-association lifetimes for larger molecular weight polymers. By analyzing the diffusivity of ions based on coordination structure, we unearth a transport mechanism in which the PF6- moves by "climbing the ladder" while associated with four polymeric cations from two different polymers. © 2017 the Owner Societies.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics

Influence of molecular weight on ion-transport properties of polymeric ionic liquids

Representing graphs as quantum states is becoming an increasingly important approach to study entanglement of mixed states, alternate to the standard linear algebraic density matrix-based approach of study. In this paper, we propose a general weighted directed graph framework for investigating properties of a large class of quantum states which are defined by three types of Laplacian matrices associated with such graphs. We generalize the standard framework of defining density matrices from simple connected graphs to density matrices using both combinatorial and signless Laplacian matrices associated with weighted directed graphs with complex edge weights and with/without self-loops. We also introduce a new notion of Laplacian matrix, which we call signed Laplacian matrix associated with such graphs. We produce necessary and/or sufficient conditions for such graphs to correspond to pure and mixed quantum states. Using these criteria, we finally determine the graphs whose corresponding density matrices represent entangled pure states which are well known and important for quantum computation applications. We observe that all these entangled pure states share a common combinatorial structure. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media New York.

Quantum Information Processing

Laplacian matrices of weighted digraphs represented as quantum states

We report temperature dependent electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies on polycrystalline YCrO3 samples at X-band (9.46 GHz) in the temperature range of 120 K-298 K. The EPR spectra exhibit a single broad line across the whole temperature range, attributed to Cr3+ ions. The variation of EPR spectra parameters (line width, integrated intensity, and g-factor) as a function of temperature was analyzed to understand the nature of spin-dynamics in the paramagnetic region of YCrO3. A peak in the g-factor suggests the presence of a new phase within the paramagnetic state at an intermediate point of temperature T IP ∼ 230 K, attributed to the onset of short range canted antiferromagnetic correlations in the material much above 140 K, Néel temperature (T N) of YCrO3. The EPR intensity increases with a decrease in temperature up to T N due to the renormalization of the magnetic moments arising from the appearance of canted antiferromagnetic correlations. Further, temperature dependent dielectric measurements also exhibit an anomaly at ∼230 K suggesting the presence of magnetodielectric coupling in YCrO3, with a possibility towards a relatively high temperature magnetodielectric system. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.