Department of Electrical Engineering

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IIT Jodhpur

This paper presents the design, fabrication and characterization of capacitive type MEMS switch for space and terrestrial communication applications. The deviation in measured actuation voltage and RF response of the switches are discussed in terms of the process variation which occurred unintentionally during the fabrication of devices. For example the measured actuation voltage is 15 V, about 20% higher than the designed voltage of 12.25 V. The deviation corresponds to the increase in thickness of the membrane while electroplating. The impact of process parameters on mechanical resonance frequency of the switches, and on/off time is also discussed. Measured S-parameters shows isolation of > − 20 dB for 7–16 GHz and an insertion loss better than − 0.6 dB up to 20 GHz. The capacitance ratio of the fabricated switch is 77, which is 15% lower than the designed capacitance ratio. The switch has been tested for 1 million 65 thousand cycles without switching failure. The deviation of simulated and measured results is discussed in the following sections. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

World University root node

Microsystem Technologies

On characterization of symmetric type capacitive RF MEMS switches

In this paper, we have reported a low cost method for depositing the hard alloy materials for electrical contact as well as MEMS structure application. Conventional methods of deposition like co-sputtering, e-beam PVD, etc. required a high running cost and had a high waste generation due to poor selectivity of deposition. The alloy formation was performed using a novel Electroplating method of synthesis. Au–Co alloy is made using a single bath electrodeposition for Au–Co thin films. XRD peaks analysis was used to confirm the alloy formation. AFM analysis was used to study the grains size, and surface roughness and the hardness measurement was performed using micro-indentation. The less surface roughness and high strength (Hardened) gold alloy formation were observed for a neutral pH (6.6 pH) Au–Co Alloy electroplating conditions. The low pH (4.0 pH) solution results to higher surface roughness while higher pH of the solution was not suitable for Au electroplating. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019.

Springer Proceedings in Physics

Low cost alloy deposition for high power applications

Carbon monoxide (CO) is known as a silent killer, as breathing in CO gas ambient for long periods with a concentration above the tolerance limit can cause severe health hazards and even death. CO concentration as low as 30 ppm (parts per million) inhaling for few hours can significantly affects the human health. This work focuses on CO gas sensing behaviors of cupric oxide (CuO) nanostructures at relatively lower operating temperature (150°C). The sensors show significant sensitivity for 25 ppm CO gas with fast response and recovery times as well as good reproducibility. Firstly, thin copper films are vacuum deposited on glass substrates at room temperature. Afterwards, these films are thermally oxidized in air, using simple thermal oxidation technique. CO sensing properties of CuO thin film are evaluated for different operating temperatures (150-250°C) and concentrations. The CuO nanostructure shows the maximum CO sensitivity for an operating temperature of 230°C. However, CO response increases with the CO concentration, which is finally saturates for a particular operating temperature. © 2019 IEEE.

2019 IEEE 16th India Council International Conference, INDICON 2019 - Symposium Proceedings

CO gas-sensing at low temperature using CuO thin films

Silicon nanostructures were realized using metal assisted chemical etching of silicon wafer (100) for two different etching times: 5 minute and 10 minute. Structural and optical properties of silicon nanostructures were investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and photoluminescence (PL). XRD analysis probes the changes in crystallinity during etching and reveals reflection plane (220) of obtained silicon nanostructures. UV and visible spectra of photoluminescence from Si nanostructures suggest the optically active nature of Si at nanoscale and confinement of carrier. These results show that the structural and optical properties of Si nanostructures strongly depend on etching time of silicon wafer. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved.

Fulltext

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

Structural and Optical Properties of Si Nanostructures

A 12-bit, 1.67-MS/s, two-stage cyclic ADC, using a 1.5-bit algorithm in a 2.5-bit framework is proposed in this brief. The number of accurate comparators is reduced to half as compared with the conventional 2.5-bit stage, which reduces the power consumption. Furthermore, the pipelined operation of the two stages reduces the total number of clock-cycles, which improves the conversion rate. The proposed ADC is designed and fabricated in a standard 180-nm CMOS technology. The obtained differential nonlinearity and integral nonlinearity are +0.5/-0.5 LSB and +0.8/-0.9 LSB, respectively. The ADC consumes 435-μW of power and occupies an area of 0.045 mm2. The postlayout simulations of ADC designed in a column-pitch of 5.6 μm show that it is suitable for column-parallel readout in CMOS image sensors. © 1993-2012 IEEE.

IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems

A 12-bit, 2.5-bit/Phase column-parallel cyclic ADC

In this letter, we propose a novel scheme for enhancing the security of the information transfer between resource-limited devices. We select a pulse from a set of T-orthogonal pulses for shaping the data at source (S) based on legitimate channel state information (CSI). A destination (D) having the CSI, properly samples the output of the matched filter. An eavesdropper (E) having no knowledge of the legitimate CSI, may or may not sample correctly, thereby, inducing artificial intersymbol interference (ISI) at the E. We also consider a case where the S-E link is correlated with the S-D link (when E and D are closely located). We derive optimal thresholds at E, S for switching the selection of a pulse in maximizing and minimizing the achievable rate at E, respectively. We derive closed-form expressions for upper bound and lower bound on the secrecy outage probability (SOP) for the independent case. Simulation results show that unlike at D, the symbol error rate (SER) at E saturates at a high SER due to the induced ISI. © 2019 IEEE.

IEEE Communications Letters

Channel-Aware Artificial Intersymbol Interference for Enhancing Physical Layer Security

This paper represents the design and FEM modeling of solidly mounted film bulk acoustic resonator (SMFBAR) gas sensor, based on ZnO, for Tetrachloroethane (PCE) gas detection. The effect of sensitive polyisobutylene(PIB) layer coating on mass sensitivity has been analyzed along with optimization of the layer thickness. The proposed structure shows good quality factor of 758, at resonance condition, and a coupling coefficient of 7.36% for the piezoelectric layer with 2 μm thickness. SMFBAR sensor was tested for detection of various gases such as, Tetrachloroethane (PCE), Trichloroethylene (TCE), Trichloromethane (TCM) and chloromethane (CM), with PIB layer as the sensing element. A new SMFBAR based detector with enhanced sensitivity of 21 kHz/ppm for detection of Tetrachloroethane (PCE) gas has been reported. FEM Modeling has been done on COMSOL Multiphysics software and a resonant frequency of 1.38 GHz has been observed for ideal environment. The sensor was tested for various concentrations ranging from 100 to 1000 ppm of Tetrachloroethane gas. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Materials Research Express

FEM modeling and simulation of SMFBAR sensor with PIB as sensing layer for tetrachloroethane (PCE) gas detection

A novel design of optical XOR/OR gate operating at 1 Gbps and implemented by directed logic using integrated semiconductor ring lasers is presented. The proposed design is simple to implement with no optical non-linearities required for switching operation. Modeling of proposed logic gates is performed using the rate equations for counter-propagating electric fields inside the ring lasers. © 2019 IEEE.

Proceedings of the International Conference on Numerical Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices, NUSOD

Design and Modeling of 1 Gbps Directed Optical XOR/OR Gates Using Integrated Semiconductor Ring Lasers

The focus of this work is to analyse the performance of automatic generation control (AGC) of two area four units interconnected deregulated power system for implementing modified sine cosine algorithm (MSCA) to design the conventional PID and fuzzy-PID (FPID) controllers. Each area consists of thermal generating unit with reheat turbine and a gas generating unit. Thermal generating units of both areas are employed with appropriate generation rate constraint. At first, sine cosine algorithm (SCA) is modified to implement MSCA technique and superiority of MSCA is proved over SCA using four benchmark functions. Then the work is extended to design the conventional PID and FPID controllers using both the algorithms. Three different situations of deregulated markets are considered. For the design of optimal controller gains integral time absolute error is taken as the objective function. To analyse the dynamic behaviour of the deregulated power system undershoot, overshoot and settling time are considered as transient parameters. After the analysis, it is found that MSCA-based FPID controller exhibits a better transient response in terms of less undershoot, overshoot and settling time. Robustness analysis is performed by varying some of the important parameters of the power system to show the proposed FPID controller is less sensitive to parametric variations. © The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2019.

IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution

Application of modified sine cosine algorithm to optimally design PID/fuzzy-PID controllers to deal with AGC issues in deregulated power system

This paper presents a fuzzy logic based synchronous reference frame algorithm for distribution static compensator to enhance the power quality of a weak AC grid. The proposed algorithm maintains constant DC-link voltage and extracts fundamental weighted values of load currents to es timate reference current. Thes e reference currents are utilized by DSTATCOM to mitigate the power quality. This control algorithm has been tested success fully in regulating the vol tage, mi tigating the harmonics, and load balancing for different types of loads at the point of common coupling. © 2018 IEEE.