Department of Electrical Engineering

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IIT Jodhpur

High-quality GaN epilayers were grown on Si (1 1 1) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy using a new growth process sequence which involved a substrate nitridation at low temperatures, annealing at high temperatures, followed by nitridation at high temperatures, deposition of a low-temperature buffer layer, and a high-temperature overgrowth. The material quality of the GaN films was also investigated as a function of nitridation time and temperature. Crystallinity and surface roughness of GaN was found to improve when the Si substrate was treated under the new growth process sequence. Micro-Raman and photoluminescence (PL) measurement results indicate that the GaN film grown by the new process sequence has less tensile stress and optically good. The surface and interface structures of an ultra thin silicon nitride film grown on the Si surface are investigated by core-level photoelectron spectroscopy and it clearly indicates that the quality of silicon nitride notably affects the properties of GaN growth. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

World University root node

Materials Research Bulletin

Improved growth of GaN layers on ultra thin silicon nitride/Si (1 1 1) by RF-MBE

MicroRNA (miRNA), an 18-24-nucleotide (nt) noncoding RNA molecule in the genes of humans, plants and animals, is emerging as a key player in gene regulation. As a result, label-free, rapid, and sensitive detection for miRNA is of great significance. In this work, a label-free and direct hybridization assay for ultrasensitive detection of miRNA using silicon nanowires (SiNWs) device has been developed. Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), which serve as a receptor to recognize miRNA directly without labeling the target miRNA, are immobilized on the surface of the SiNW device. Resistance change measured before and after hybridization correlates directly to concentrations of the hybridized target miRNA. Concentration-dependent measurements indicate that a detection limit of 1 fM was obtained using the optimized assay. The technique enables identification of fully matched versus mismatched miRNA sequences. Furthermore, the SiNW device is capable of detecting miRNA in total RNA extracted from Hela cells. This approach paves a way for label-free, early detection of miRNA as a biomarker in cancer diagnostics with very high sensitivity and good specificity. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Biosensors and Bioelectronics

Label-free direct detection of MiRNAs with silicon nanowire biosensors

Arrays of highly ordered silicon nanowire (SiNW) clusters are fabricated using complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) field effect transistor-compatible technology, and the ultrasensitive, label-free, electrical detection of cardiac biomarker in real time using the array sensor is presented. The successful detection of human cardiac troponin-T (cTnT) has been demonstrated in an assay buffer solution of concentration down to 1 fg/mL, as well as in an undiluted human serum environment of concentration as low as 30 fg/mL. The high specificity, selectivity, and swift response time of the SiNWs to the presence of ultralow concentrations of a target protein in a biological analyte solution, even in the presence of a high total protein concentration, paves the way for the development of a medical diagnostic system for point-of-care application that is able to provide an early and accurate indication of cardiac cellular necrosis. © 2009 American Chemical Society.

Analytical Chemistry

Label-free electrical detection of cardiac biomarker with complementary metal-oxide semiconductor-compatible silicon nanowire sensor arrays

Semiconducting silicon nanowires (SiNWs) have shown great potential for the electrical detection of human disease biomarkers. The technique for label-free detection using SiNWs allows for fast, efficient and inexpensive detection of biomarkers, unlike current time-consuming methodologies such as fluorescence ELISA or western blot. We demonstrate a proof-of-principle protein detection using biotinylated SiNWs for the detection of ultralow concentrations of streptavidin with a maximum sensitivity of up to 10 fM. Real-time detection of human cardiac troponin T using antibody-functionalized SiNWs is also presented. The possibility of large scale integration paves the way towards the simultaneous detection of a large number of protein biomarkers within a single chip and is of importance to the development of diagnostic tools as well as point-of-care applications. © International Federation of Medical and Biological Engineering 2009.

IFMBE Proceedings

Label-free Detection of Proteins with Surface-functionalized Silicon Nanowires

This paper presents a novel approach to design a sliding mode control using a new computationally efficient formulation of Multirate Output Feedback (MROF), that applies to models in a special form in which some of the states of the system are directly available as outputs. The computation of the remaining states of the system requires matrices of lower dimension and thus the method is less susceptible to ill-conditioning. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the spatial control problem of a large Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR), in which the outputs are the 14 zonal power levels. Also, the zonal power levels are selected as state variables along with other variables. Thereby, the PHWR model is perfectly suitable for the application of this new formulation. The non-linear model of PHWR including xenon and iodine dynamics is characterized by 70 state variables and 14 inputs and outputs each. Linear nodal model is obtained by linearizing the non-linear dynamic equations of the reactor about the full power operating point. The non-linear simulation results in representative transients produced by the proposed method are found to be superior to other methods. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Automatica

Discrete-time output feedback sliding mode control for spatial control of a large PHWR

Liquid sloshing has been an important problem in several areas. Consideration of slosh dynamic along with the vehicle dynamics results in coupled nonlinear underactuated system. Inherent characteristics of nonlinear system poses dificulties in state estimation and hence implementing the state feedback control strategies. This paper presents the development of sliding mode observer (SMO) using high gain observer (HGO) approach in a reduced subsystem for estimation of slosh states. A simple pendulum model is used to represent the lateral slosh. Simulation results demonstrate the performance.

Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology

Sliding mode observer for estimation of slosh states in a moving container

The gradient adjusted predictor (GAP) uses seven fixed slope quantization bins and a predictor is associated with each bin, for prediction of pixels. The slope bin boundary in the same appears to be fixed without employing a criterion function. This paper presents a technique for slope classification that results in slope bins which are optimum for a given set of images. It also presents two techniques that find predictors which are statistically optimal for each of the slope bins. Slope classification and the predictors associated with the slope bins are obtained off-line. To find a representative predictor for a bin,a set of least-squares(LS)based predictors are obtained for all the pixels belonging to that bin. A predictor, from the set of predictors, that results in the minimum prediction error energy is chosen to represent the bin. Alternatively, the predictor is chosen, from the same set, based on minimum entropy as the criterion. Simulation results, of the proposed method have shown a significant improvement in the compression performance as compared to the GAP. Computational complexity of the proposed method, excluding the training process, is of the same order as that of GAP. © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2008.

Signal, Image and Video Processing

A minimum entropy based switched adaptive predictor for lossless compression of images

High performance solution-processed n-channel organic field-effect transistors based on [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester with low operating voltages (3 V) are demonstrated using a high- k hafnium dioxide gate dielectric grown by atomic layer deposition. Devices exhibit excellent n-channel performance with electron mobility values up to 0.14 cm2 /V s, threshold voltages of ∼0.3 V, current on/off ratios &gt; 105, and very low values of subthreshold slope (∼140 mV/decade). © 2009 American Institute of Physics.

Fulltext

Applied Physics Letters

Low-voltage solution-processed n-channel organic field-effect transistors with high- k HfO2 gate dielectrics grown by atomic layer deposition

Integrated System Level Simulations of high speed serial links are necessary for the channel reliability and robustness. Increasing data rates and sharp transition time require high bandwidth systems. System level simulation are required to optimize channel design keeping cost of implementation at moderate or low level while meeting system level channel Bit Error Rate requirement for high bandwidth systems. The parameters which influence the channel and it's interconnect environment are primarily governed by signal integrity and power integrity requirements. In this paper, System Level Robustness Analysis of High Speed Serial Links is demonstrated with external environment considerations taken into account. A strong correlation between measured and simulated results is shown. A generic methodology for high speed serial links is presented with complete analysis of package, board, termination, Signal Quality inrush Droop/Drop (SQiDD), decoupling network etc. © 2009 IEEE.

12th Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design: Architectures, Methods and Tools, DSD 2009

Signal integrity and power integrity methodology for robust analysis of on-the-board system for high speed serial links

Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) technique is used as an indispensable and sensitive modality for bio-sensing due to its ability to distinguish the analyte molecules based on their distinct 'fingerprint' spectra. One of the most promising SERS substrates for biosensing was fabricated by coating noble metal film over orderly packed nanospheres. However, the major challenge in developing such a sensor is to achieve reproducible SERS substrate. Here, we report a new class of SERS substrate with ordered 3D nanostructures fabricated on silicon wafer by deep UV lithography technique followed by bi-metallic coating of silver and gold. Compared to the substrate fabricated by conventional nanosphere lithography, this approach allows better control of the nanostructures, which in turn gives uniform surface roughness for the metal film to provide adequate SERS enhancement with high reproducibility. Significance of this substrate for biomedical application was demonstrated by glucose sensing under physiologically relevant conditions. Partitioning and localization of glucose molecules within the first few nanometers of active SERS substrate was achieved by a self assembled monolayer (SAM) on the surface of substrate. © 2009 Copyright SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering.