Department of Electrical Engineering

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IIT Jodhpur

An approach to optimize the electromechanical parameters of RF MEMS SPDT designed for operation at 10 GHz, using high dielectric constant material (HfO2) is presented and the results are compared to those for silicon dioxide - the conventional dielectric used for realizing capacitive shunt switches. The optimized length of CPW based transmission line (?/4), computed by considering the permittivity of gold at microwave frequencies is approximately 2700 ?m. The overall size of SPDT including the CPW ground area reduces from 12 mm2 for SiO2 dielectric layer based configuration to approximately 6 mm2 for HfO2 based capacitive SPDT. The reduction in dimensions ensures lower hysteresis in switch on-off characteristics and better stress related deformation control in electroplated metallic structures. The insertion loss, return loss and isolation are also better in the case of SPDT with HfO2 compared to SiO2 based devices. SPDT having SiO2 dielectric layer shows insertion loss of 0.35 dB, return loss of 26.4 dB and isolation of 45.1 dB at 10 GHz, whereas SPDT having HfO2 dielectric layer shows insertion loss of 0.08 dB, return loss of 35.7 dB and isolation of 48.8 dB at 10 GHz. Comparison of single switch response with different dielectrics is also presented.

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Procedia Engineering

Low loss STS based SPDT for X - Band applications

In this work we proposed designs and demonstrated the fabrication of silicon microprobes for neural prosthesis. Silicon probes of various sizes, cross-sectional shapes and involving different probe encapsulation bio-compatible materials such as Polyimide were fabricated. Especially, isotropically etched (for Si) probes find significant application to reduce tissue trauma during implant. Our approach of using fully CMOS compatible silicon wafer processing with 200mm diameter silicon wafers is to subsequently serve as an enabling platform for manufactureable process leading to low cost neurodevices. Silicon probes thus fabricated were packaged in order to demonstrate the complete product cycle- "Design-to-Packaging". ©2010 IEEE.

2010 12th Electronics Packaging Technology Conference, EPTC 2010

Design and fabrication of Si-neuroprobe arrays

In this paper we are describing some important state-of the-art algorithms used for Image interpolation.These algorithms are broadly classified as prediction based and transform based methods. Motivation behind this work is to provide new researchers a detailed analysis of such algorithms in the context of artifacts, subjective and objective quality of interpolated image, computational cost and to give future research direction based on the analysis. However, the goal of this study was not to determine an overall best method, but to present a comprehensive catalogue of methods in a uniform terminology, to define general properties and requirements local techniques, and to enable the reader to select that method which is optimal for his specific application. © 2010 Copyright SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering.

Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering

A survey on image interpolation methods

In this paper we investigate the prediction scheme of Context Based Adaptive Lossless Image Coding (CALIC), the standard for lossless/near lossless image compression for continuous-tone finger-print images. We show that it is not sufficient to consider the prediction technique in a single direction for a fingerprint image as a whole for Gradient Adjusted Predictor (GAP). As a result, we propose an additional GAP scheme to achieve better speed and better prediction accuracy as and hence provide potential for further improvements in Lossless Image Compression. Experimental results indicate that the proposed scheme outperforms the existing GAP prediction for all the finger-print images tested, while the complexity of the prediction algorithm is improved by more than four times with the help of parallel implementation. ©2010 IEEE.

Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Signal and Image Processing, ICSIP 2010

Multidirectional gradient adjusted predictor

This paper presents a new interpolation algorithm based on the adaptive 2-D autoregressive modeling. The algorithm uses a piece-wise autoregressive (PAR) model to predict the unknown pixels of high resolution image. For this purpose, we used a block-based prediction model to predict the unknown pixels. The unknown pixels are categorized into three categories and they are predicted using predictors of different structure and order. Prediction accuracy and the visual quality of the interpolated image depend on the size of the window. We experimentally found an appropriate window size and have shown that subjective as well as objective (PSNR) quality of the high resolution (HR) images is same, on an average, as that of the competitive such method reported in literature and also the method is a single pass. © 2010 Copyright SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering.

Image interpolation by adaptive 2-D autoregressive modeling

In this paper we are describing some important state-of the-art algorithms used for lossless compression of images. These algorithms are broadly classified as prediction based methods and transform based methods. Motivation behind this work is to provide a detailed analysis of such algorithms and to give future research direction based on the analysis to the new researchers. © 2010 IEEE.

ICCET 2010 - 2010 International Conference on Computer Engineering and Technology, Proceedings

A survey on lossless image compression methods

This paper presents the design and experimental implementation of simultaneous fast output sampling feedback controller to minimise structural vibration using collocated piezoelectric actuator and sensor. The linear dynamic model of piezoelectric bonded cantilever beams is obtained using online recursive least square parameter estimation. A digital control system that consists of simulink modelling software and dSPACE 1104 controller board is used for identification and control. The performance of simultaneous controller is evaluated by considering three structure models. These models are obtained by introducing parameter variation in length and mass of a single cantilever beam structure. The effectiveness of the controller is demonstrated experimentally by exciting the structures at resonance. Copyright © 2010 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

International Journal of Automation and Control

Design and experimental evaluation of simultaneous fast output sampling feedback control for smart structures

In recent years, there has been much interest in close-proximity (10-150m) formation flying of small satellites. Autonomous guidance, navigation and control of satellite formation in Low Earth Orbits (LEO) is a challenging problem and requires sophisticated on-board control systems. This paper describes further progress in the state-of-the-art of modeling and control of satellite formations for circular orbits around the Earth. The dynamics of the satellites are governed by the Hill-Clohessy-Wiltshire (HCW) equations and a nonlinear, robust controller based on Sliding Mode Control (SMC) is implemented for demonstrating how a group of satellites can aggregate from their initial positions to form a desired formation. Collision free navigation is achieved using the Artificial Potential Filed (APF) method - a popular path planning technique used in terrestrial robotics. The simulation results demonstrate that the APF method can provide simple and effective path planning for satellite formation flying missions. The drift of the formation centre of mass can be prevented by integrating APF with SMC and by eliminating the reaching phase of the controller. The efficacy of the proposed algorithm is presented through demonstrating a tetrahedron formation flying scenario.

61st International Astronautical Congress 2010, IAC 2010

Development of sliding mode controller for small satellite in planetary orbital environment formation flying missions

This paper presents a new formulation for "Equivalent Control" used in sliding mode control. Although in literature there exist a unique equivalent control for a given system and linear sliding surface, it is shown that the equivalent control can be non unique. Further this flexibility in equivalent control is used to obtain the sliding mode control for specific needs such as actuator saturation, faster reaching without increasing chattering, confining the sliding mode in a specified sector and simple second order sliding mode control design. ©2010 IEEE.

ICPCES 2010 - International Conference on Power, Control and Embedded Systems

Non unique equivalent control in sliding mode with linear surfaces

InN quantum dots (QDs) were fabricated on Si(111) substrate by droplet epitaxy using an RF plasma-assisted MBE system. Variation of the growth parameters, such as growth temperature and deposition time, allowed us to control the characteristic size and density of the QDs. As the growth temperature was increased from 100°C to 300°C, an enlargement of QD size and a drop in dot density were observed, which was led by the limitation of surface diffusion of adatoms with the limited thermal energy. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to assess the QDs size and density. The chemical bonding configurations of InN QDs were examined by X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of the deposited InN QDs shows the presence of In-N bond. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements showed that the emission peak energies of the InN QDs are sensitive to temperature and show a strong peak emission at 0.79 eV. © 2010 American Scientific Publishers.